1 diff -ruN coreutils-8.27.orig/doc/coreutils.texi coreutils-8.27/doc/coreutils.texi
2 --- coreutils-8.27.orig/doc/coreutils.texi 2017-03-09 02:24:43.000000000 +0100
3 +++ coreutils-8.27/doc/coreutils.texi 2017-06-10 21:44:38.201424527 +0200
9 +@dircategory Core utilities:
11 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
12 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
13 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
14 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
15 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
16 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
19 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
20 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
21 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
27 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
28 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
29 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
87 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
88 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
89 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
91 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
92 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
93 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
95 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
96 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
97 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
99 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
100 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
101 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
102 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
103 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
104 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
105 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
109 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
110 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
113 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
114 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
118 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
119 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
120 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
121 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
123 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
124 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
125 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
126 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
127 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
128 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests
129 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
130 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
131 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
132 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
133 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
134 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
135 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
136 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
137 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
138 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
139 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
140 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
141 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
142 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
143 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
144 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
145 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
146 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
147 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
148 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
149 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
150 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
151 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
152 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
153 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
154 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
155 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
156 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
157 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
158 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
159 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
160 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
161 +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name
162 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
163 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
164 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
165 +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes
166 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
167 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
168 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
169 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
170 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
171 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
172 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
173 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
174 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
175 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
176 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
177 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
178 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
179 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
180 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
181 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc
182 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
183 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
184 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
185 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
186 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
187 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
188 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
189 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
190 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
191 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
192 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
193 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
194 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
195 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
196 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
197 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
198 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
199 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
200 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
201 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
202 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
203 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
204 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
205 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
206 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
207 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
208 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
209 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
210 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
211 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
212 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
213 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
214 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
215 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
216 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
217 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
218 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
219 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
220 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
221 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
222 +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load
223 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
224 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
225 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
226 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
227 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
228 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
233 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
234 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
235 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
236 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
237 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
238 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
239 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
240 -* Process control:: kill
242 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
243 * File permissions:: Access modes
244 @@ -236,44 +227,44 @@
246 Output of entire files
248 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
249 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
250 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
251 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
252 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
253 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
254 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
255 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
256 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
257 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
258 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
259 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
261 Formatting file contents
263 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
264 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
266 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
267 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
268 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
270 Output of parts of files
272 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
273 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
274 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
275 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
276 +* head:: Output the first part of files
277 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
278 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
279 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
283 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
284 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
285 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
286 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
287 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
288 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
289 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
290 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
291 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
292 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
293 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
294 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
295 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
297 Operating on sorted files
299 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
300 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
301 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
302 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
303 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
304 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
305 +* sort:: Sort text files
306 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
307 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
308 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
309 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
310 +* tsort:: Topological sort
312 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
314 @@ -285,15 +276,15 @@
318 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
319 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
320 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
321 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
322 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
323 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
325 Operating on characters
327 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
330 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
331 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
332 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
334 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
336 @@ -303,10 +294,10 @@
340 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
341 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
342 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
343 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
344 +* ls:: List directory contents
345 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
346 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
347 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
349 @command{ls}: List directory contents
351 @@ -319,51 +310,51 @@
355 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
356 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
357 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
358 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
359 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
360 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
361 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
362 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
363 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
364 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
365 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
366 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
370 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
372 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
373 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
375 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
377 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
378 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
379 +* ln:: Make links between files
380 +* mkdir:: Make directories
381 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
382 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
383 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
384 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
385 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
387 Changing file attributes
389 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
390 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
391 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
392 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
393 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
394 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
395 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
396 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
400 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
401 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
402 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
403 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
404 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
406 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
407 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
408 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
409 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
413 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
414 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
415 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
416 +* echo:: Print a line of text
417 +* printf:: Format and print data
418 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
422 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
423 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
424 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
425 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
426 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
427 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
428 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
429 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
431 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
433 @@ -382,22 +373,22 @@
437 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
438 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
440 File name manipulation
442 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
443 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
444 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
445 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
446 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
447 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
448 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
449 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
450 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
451 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
455 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
456 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
457 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
458 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
459 +* pwd:: Print working directory
460 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
461 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
462 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
464 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
466 @@ -411,22 +402,20 @@
470 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
471 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
472 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
473 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
474 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
475 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
476 +* id:: Print user identity
477 +* logname:: Print current login name
478 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
479 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
480 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
481 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
485 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
486 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
487 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
488 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
489 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
490 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
491 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
492 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
493 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
494 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
495 +* uname:: Print system information
496 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
498 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
500 @@ -441,31 +430,27 @@
504 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
505 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
507 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
509 Modified command invocation
511 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
512 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
513 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
514 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
515 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
516 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
521 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
522 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
523 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
524 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
525 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
526 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
530 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
531 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
535 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
536 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
537 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
538 +* factor:: Print prime factors
539 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
540 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
544 @@ -1566,15 +1551,15 @@
548 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
549 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
550 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
551 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
552 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
553 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
554 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
555 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
556 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
557 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
558 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
559 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
562 -@node cat invocation
564 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
567 @@ -1675,7 +1660,7 @@
571 -@node tac invocation
573 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
576 @@ -1733,7 +1718,7 @@
582 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
585 @@ -1896,7 +1881,7 @@
591 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
594 @@ -2162,7 +2147,7 @@
598 -@node base32 invocation
600 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
603 @@ -2172,10 +2157,10 @@
604 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
605 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
606 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
607 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
608 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
611 -@node base64 invocation
613 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
616 @@ -2244,13 +2229,13 @@
617 These commands reformat the contents of files.
620 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
621 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
622 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
623 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
624 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
625 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
629 -@node fmt invocation
631 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
634 @@ -2354,7 +2339,7 @@
640 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
643 @@ -2464,7 +2449,7 @@
645 @cindex formatting times
646 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
647 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
648 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
649 Except for directives, which start with
650 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
651 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
652 @@ -2694,7 +2679,7 @@
656 -@node fold invocation
658 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
661 @@ -2761,13 +2746,13 @@
662 These commands output pieces of the input.
665 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
666 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
667 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
668 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
669 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
670 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
671 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
672 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
675 -@node head invocation
677 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
680 @@ -2846,7 +2831,7 @@
684 -@node tail invocation
686 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
689 @@ -3097,7 +3082,7 @@
693 -@node split invocation
695 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
698 @@ -3346,7 +3331,7 @@
702 -@node csplit invocation
704 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
707 @@ -3562,17 +3547,17 @@
711 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
712 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
713 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
714 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
715 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
716 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
717 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
718 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
719 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
720 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
721 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
722 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
723 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
729 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
732 @@ -3693,7 +3678,7 @@
736 -@node sum invocation
738 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
741 @@ -3744,7 +3729,7 @@
745 -@node cksum invocation
747 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
750 @@ -3778,7 +3763,7 @@
754 -@node b2sum invocation
756 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
759 @@ -3790,7 +3775,7 @@
761 @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
762 @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
763 -command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
764 +command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
765 In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
768 @@ -3805,7 +3790,7 @@
769 as the length is automatically determined when checking.
772 -@node md5sum invocation
774 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
777 @@ -3828,7 +3813,7 @@
778 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
779 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
780 consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
781 -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
782 +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
786 @@ -3968,7 +3953,7 @@
790 -@node sha1sum invocation
792 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
795 @@ -3980,7 +3965,7 @@
797 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
798 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
799 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
800 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
804 @@ -4016,7 +4001,7 @@
805 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
806 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
807 and @command{sha1sum}.
808 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
812 @node Operating on sorted files
813 @@ -4028,16 +4013,16 @@
814 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
817 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
818 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
819 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
820 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
821 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
822 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
823 +* sort:: Sort text files.
824 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
825 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
826 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
827 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
828 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
832 -@node sort invocation
834 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
837 @@ -4327,7 +4312,7 @@
838 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
839 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
840 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
841 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
842 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
843 except that keys with the same value sort together.
845 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
846 @@ -4525,7 +4510,7 @@
847 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
848 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
849 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
850 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
851 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
855 @@ -4543,7 +4528,7 @@
856 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
857 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
858 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
859 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
860 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
863 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
864 @@ -4756,7 +4741,7 @@
868 -@node shuf invocation
870 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
873 @@ -4912,7 +4897,7 @@
877 -@node uniq invocation
879 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
882 @@ -4934,7 +4919,7 @@
883 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
884 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
885 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
886 -@xref{sort invocation}.
890 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
891 @@ -5099,7 +5084,7 @@
895 -@node comm invocation
897 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
900 @@ -5214,7 +5199,7 @@
904 -@node ptx invocation
906 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
909 @@ -5703,7 +5688,7 @@
913 -@node tsort invocation
915 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
918 @@ -5865,13 +5850,13 @@
919 @chapter Operating on fields
922 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
923 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
924 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
925 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
926 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
927 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
931 -@node cut invocation
933 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
936 @@ -5996,7 +5981,7 @@
940 -@node paste invocation
942 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
945 @@ -6094,7 +6079,7 @@
949 -@node join invocation
951 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
954 @@ -6625,13 +6610,13 @@
955 These commands operate on individual characters.
958 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
959 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
960 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
961 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
962 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
963 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
969 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
972 @@ -7014,7 +6999,7 @@
976 -@node expand invocation
978 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
981 @@ -7075,7 +7060,7 @@
985 -@node unexpand invocation
987 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
990 @@ -7138,14 +7123,14 @@
991 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
994 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
995 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
996 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
997 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
998 +* ls:: List directory contents.
1000 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1001 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1005 -@node ls invocation
1007 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1010 @@ -8014,7 +7999,7 @@
1013 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1014 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1015 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1016 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1017 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1018 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1019 @@ -8215,7 +8200,7 @@
1023 -@node dir invocation
1025 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1028 @@ -8225,10 +8210,10 @@
1029 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1030 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1032 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1033 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1036 -@node vdir invocation
1038 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1041 @@ -8238,9 +8223,9 @@
1042 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1043 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1045 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1046 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1048 -@node dircolors invocation
1050 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1053 @@ -8327,16 +8312,16 @@
1054 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1057 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1058 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1059 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1060 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1061 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1062 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1064 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1065 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1066 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1067 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1068 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1072 -@node cp invocation
1074 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1077 @@ -8818,7 +8803,7 @@
1081 -@node dd invocation
1083 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1086 @@ -9340,7 +9325,7 @@
1090 -@node install invocation
1092 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1095 @@ -9522,7 +9507,7 @@
1099 -@node mv invocation
1101 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1104 @@ -9666,7 +9651,7 @@
1108 -@node rm invocation
1110 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1113 @@ -9829,7 +9814,7 @@
1117 -@node shred invocation
1119 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1122 @@ -9839,7 +9824,7 @@
1123 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1124 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1126 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1127 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1128 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1129 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1130 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1131 @@ -10099,18 +10084,18 @@
1132 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1135 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1136 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1137 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1138 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1139 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1140 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1141 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1142 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1143 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1144 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1145 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1146 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1147 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1148 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1149 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1150 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1154 -@node link invocation
1156 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1159 @@ -10123,7 +10108,7 @@
1160 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1161 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1162 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1163 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1164 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1168 @@ -10149,7 +10134,7 @@
1172 -@node ln invocation
1174 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1177 @@ -10335,7 +10320,7 @@
1178 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1179 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1180 links in these file names will be resolved.
1181 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1182 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1183 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1186 @@ -10412,7 +10397,7 @@
1190 -@node mkdir invocation
1192 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1195 @@ -10485,7 +10470,7 @@
1199 -@node mkfifo invocation
1201 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1204 @@ -10526,7 +10511,7 @@
1208 -@node mknod invocation
1210 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1213 @@ -10603,7 +10588,7 @@
1217 -@node readlink invocation
1219 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1222 @@ -10627,7 +10612,7 @@
1223 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1224 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1225 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
1226 -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1227 +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1231 @@ -10702,7 +10687,7 @@
1235 -@node rmdir invocation
1237 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1240 @@ -10750,12 +10735,12 @@
1244 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1245 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1250 -@node unlink invocation
1252 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1255 @@ -10766,7 +10751,7 @@
1256 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1257 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1258 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1259 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1260 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1263 unlink @var{filename}
1264 @@ -10800,14 +10785,14 @@
1265 These commands change file attributes.
1268 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1269 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1270 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1271 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1272 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1273 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1274 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1275 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1279 -@node chown invocation
1281 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1284 @@ -11032,7 +11017,7 @@
1288 -@node chgrp invocation
1290 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1293 @@ -11041,7 +11026,7 @@
1295 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1296 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1297 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1298 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1302 @@ -11158,7 +11143,7 @@
1306 -@node chmod invocation
1308 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1311 @@ -11258,7 +11243,7 @@
1315 -@node touch invocation
1317 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1320 @@ -11432,15 +11417,15 @@
1321 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1324 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1325 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1326 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1327 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1328 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1329 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1330 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1331 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1332 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1333 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1337 -@node df invocation
1339 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1342 @@ -11748,7 +11733,7 @@
1343 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1346 -@node du invocation
1348 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1351 @@ -12005,7 +11990,7 @@
1354 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1355 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1356 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1357 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1358 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1359 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1360 @@ -12073,7 +12058,7 @@
1364 -@node stat invocation
1366 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1369 @@ -12286,7 +12271,7 @@
1373 -@node sync invocation
1375 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1378 @@ -12345,7 +12330,7 @@
1382 -@node truncate invocation
1384 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1387 @@ -12422,13 +12407,13 @@
1388 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1391 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1392 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1393 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1394 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1395 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1396 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1400 -@node echo invocation
1402 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1405 @@ -12517,12 +12502,12 @@
1406 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1407 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1408 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1409 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1410 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1415 -@node printf invocation
1417 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1420 @@ -12684,7 +12669,7 @@
1424 -@node yes invocation
1426 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1429 @@ -12715,14 +12700,14 @@
1433 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1434 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1435 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1436 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1437 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1438 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1439 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1440 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1444 -@node false invocation
1446 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1449 @@ -12752,7 +12737,7 @@
1453 -@node true invocation
1455 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1458 @@ -12788,7 +12773,7 @@
1459 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1460 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1462 -@node test invocation
1464 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1467 @@ -13151,7 +13136,7 @@
1471 -@node expr invocation
1473 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1476 @@ -13428,11 +13413,11 @@
1477 it's described here.
1480 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1481 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1485 -@node tee invocation
1487 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1490 @@ -13639,15 +13624,15 @@
1491 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1494 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1495 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1496 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1497 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1498 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1499 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1500 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1501 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1502 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1503 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1507 -@node basename invocation
1509 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1512 @@ -13729,7 +13714,7 @@
1516 -@node dirname invocation
1518 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1521 @@ -13782,7 +13767,7 @@
1525 -@node pathchk invocation
1527 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1530 @@ -13858,7 +13843,7 @@
1534 -@node mktemp invocation
1536 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1539 @@ -14033,7 +14018,7 @@
1543 -@node realpath invocation
1545 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1548 @@ -14162,14 +14147,14 @@
1549 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1552 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1553 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1554 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1555 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1556 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1557 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1558 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1559 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1563 -@node pwd invocation
1565 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1568 @@ -14216,7 +14201,7 @@
1572 -@node stty invocation
1574 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1577 @@ -14958,7 +14943,7 @@
1581 -@node printenv invocation
1583 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1586 @@ -14993,7 +14978,7 @@
1590 -@node tty invocation
1592 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1595 @@ -15043,16 +15028,16 @@
1596 logins, groups, and so forth.
1599 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1600 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1601 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1602 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1603 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1604 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1605 +* id:: Print user identity.
1606 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1607 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1608 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1609 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1610 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1614 -@node id invocation
1616 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1619 @@ -15156,7 +15141,7 @@
1623 -@node logname invocation
1625 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1628 @@ -15177,7 +15162,7 @@
1632 -@node whoami invocation
1634 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1637 @@ -15193,7 +15178,7 @@
1641 -@node groups invocation
1643 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1646 @@ -15220,7 +15205,7 @@
1650 -@node users invocation
1652 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1655 @@ -15255,7 +15240,7 @@
1659 -@node who invocation
1661 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1664 @@ -15418,16 +15403,14 @@
1668 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1669 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1670 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1671 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1672 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1673 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1674 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1675 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1676 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1677 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1678 +* uname:: Print system information.
1679 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1682 -@node date invocation
1684 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1687 @@ -16137,7 +16120,7 @@
1691 -@node arch invocation
1693 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1696 @@ -16160,7 +16143,7 @@
1700 -@node nproc invocation
1702 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1705 @@ -16199,7 +16182,7 @@
1709 -@node uname invocation
1711 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1714 @@ -16329,35 +16312,7 @@
1718 -@node hostname invocation
1719 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1722 -@cindex setting the hostname
1723 -@cindex printing the hostname
1724 -@cindex system name, printing
1725 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1727 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1728 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1729 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1733 -hostname [@var{name}]
1736 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1739 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1740 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1741 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1746 -@node hostid invocation
1748 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1751 @@ -16385,44 +16340,6 @@
1755 -@node uptime invocation
1756 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1759 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1761 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1762 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1764 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1765 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1766 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1767 -the default setting).
1769 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1770 -@xref{Common options}.
1772 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1776 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1779 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1780 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1781 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1782 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1783 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1784 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1786 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1787 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1788 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1789 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1793 @node SELinux context
1794 @chapter SELinux context
1796 @@ -16434,11 +16351,11 @@
1800 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1801 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1802 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1803 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1806 -@node chcon invocation
1808 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1811 @@ -16541,7 +16458,7 @@
1815 -@node runcon invocation
1817 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1820 @@ -16626,16 +16543,16 @@
1824 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1825 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1826 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1827 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1828 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1829 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1830 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1831 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1832 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1833 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1834 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1835 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1839 -@node chroot invocation
1841 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1844 @@ -16751,7 +16668,7 @@
1848 -@node env invocation
1850 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1853 @@ -16901,7 +16818,7 @@
1857 -@node nice invocation
1859 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1862 @@ -17032,7 +16949,7 @@
1866 -@node nohup invocation
1868 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1871 @@ -17106,7 +17023,7 @@
1875 -@node stdbuf invocation
1877 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1880 @@ -17200,7 +17117,7 @@
1884 -@node timeout invocation
1886 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1889 @@ -17290,90 +17207,6 @@
1893 -@node Process control
1894 -@chapter Process control
1896 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1897 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1900 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1904 -@node kill invocation
1905 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1908 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1910 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1911 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1912 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1915 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1916 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1919 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1921 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1922 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1923 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1924 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1925 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1927 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1928 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1929 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1930 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1931 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1932 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1933 -value of @var{pid}.
1935 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1936 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1939 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1940 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1941 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1942 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1951 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1952 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1954 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1955 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1956 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1957 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1958 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1959 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1960 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1961 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1962 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1963 -and if there is no output error.
1965 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1966 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1968 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1969 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1970 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1971 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1972 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1973 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1974 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1975 -signal names and numbers.
1980 @@ -17383,11 +17216,11 @@
1981 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1984 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1985 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1989 -@node sleep invocation
1991 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1994 @@ -17437,13 +17270,13 @@
1995 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1998 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1999 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
2000 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2001 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
2002 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
2003 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2007 -@node factor invocation
2009 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2012 @@ -17501,7 +17334,7 @@
2016 -@node numfmt invocation
2018 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2021 @@ -17841,7 +17674,7 @@
2025 -@node seq invocation
2027 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2030 @@ -18012,7 +17845,7 @@
2031 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2032 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2033 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2034 -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2035 +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2036 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2038 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: