1 --- coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2013-12-13 03:43:10.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.22/doc/coreutils.texi 2013-12-14 12:02:04.754108101 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
26 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
28 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
29 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
30 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
32 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
33 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
34 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
36 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
37 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
38 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
39 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
40 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
41 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
42 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
43 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
44 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
45 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
46 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
47 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
48 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
49 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
50 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
51 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
52 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
53 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
54 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
55 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
56 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
57 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
58 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
59 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
60 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
61 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
62 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
63 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
64 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
65 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
66 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
67 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
68 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
69 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
70 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
71 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
72 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
73 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
74 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
75 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
76 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
84 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
85 -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
86 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
87 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
88 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
89 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
90 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
91 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
92 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
93 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
94 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
95 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
96 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
97 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
98 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
99 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
100 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
101 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
102 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
103 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
104 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
105 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
106 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
107 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
108 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
109 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
110 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
111 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
112 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
113 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
114 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
115 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
116 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
117 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
118 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
119 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
120 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
121 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
122 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
123 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
124 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
125 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
126 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
127 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
128 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
129 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
130 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
131 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
132 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
133 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
134 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
135 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
136 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
137 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
138 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
139 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
140 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
141 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
142 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
143 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
144 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
145 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
146 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
147 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
148 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
149 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
150 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
151 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
152 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
153 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
154 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
155 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
156 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
157 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
158 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
159 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
160 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
161 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
162 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
163 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
164 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
165 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
166 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
167 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
168 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
169 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
170 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
171 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
172 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
173 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
174 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
175 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
176 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
177 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
178 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
179 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
180 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
181 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
182 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
183 +* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names
184 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
185 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
186 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
187 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
188 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
189 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
190 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
191 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
192 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
193 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
194 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
195 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
196 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
197 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
198 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
199 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
200 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
201 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
202 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
203 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
204 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
205 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
206 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
207 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
208 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
209 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
210 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
211 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
212 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
213 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
214 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
215 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
216 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
217 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
218 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
219 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
220 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
225 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
226 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
227 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
228 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
229 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
230 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
231 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
232 -* Process control:: kill
234 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
235 * File permissions:: Access modes
236 @@ -230,43 +218,43 @@
238 Output of entire files
240 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
241 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
242 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
243 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
244 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
245 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
246 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
247 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
248 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
249 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
251 Formatting file contents
253 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
254 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
255 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
256 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
257 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
258 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
259 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
260 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
262 Output of parts of files
264 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
265 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
266 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
267 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
268 +* head:: Output the first part of files
269 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
270 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
271 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
275 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
276 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
277 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
278 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
279 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
280 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
281 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
282 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
283 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
284 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
285 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
287 Operating on sorted files
289 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
290 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
291 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
292 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
293 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
294 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
295 +* sort:: Sort text files
296 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
297 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
298 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
299 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
300 +* tsort:: Topological sort
302 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
304 @@ -278,15 +266,15 @@
308 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
309 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
310 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
311 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
312 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
313 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
315 Operating on characters
317 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
318 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
319 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
320 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
321 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
322 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
324 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
326 @@ -296,10 +284,10 @@
330 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
331 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
332 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
333 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
334 +* ls:: List directory contents
335 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
336 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
337 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
339 @command{ls}: List directory contents
341 @@ -312,51 +300,51 @@
345 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
346 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
347 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
348 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
349 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
350 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
351 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
352 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
353 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
354 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
355 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
356 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
360 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
361 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
362 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
363 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
364 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
365 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
366 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
367 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
368 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
369 +* ln:: Make links between files
370 +* mkdir:: Make directories
371 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
372 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
373 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
374 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
375 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
377 Changing file attributes
379 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
380 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
381 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
382 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
383 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
384 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
385 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
386 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
390 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
391 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
392 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
393 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
394 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
395 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
396 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
397 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
398 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
399 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
403 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
404 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
405 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
406 +* echo:: Print a line of text
407 +* printf:: Format and print data
408 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
412 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
413 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
414 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
415 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
416 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
417 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
418 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
419 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
421 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
423 @@ -375,22 +363,22 @@
427 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
428 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
430 File name manipulation
432 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
433 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
434 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
435 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
436 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
437 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
438 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
439 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
440 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
441 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
445 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
446 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
447 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
448 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
449 +* pwd:: Print working directory
450 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
451 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
452 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
454 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
456 @@ -404,22 +392,20 @@
460 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
461 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
462 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
463 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
464 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
465 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
466 +* id:: Print user identity
467 +* logname:: Print current login name
468 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
469 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
470 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
471 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
475 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
476 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
477 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
478 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
479 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
480 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
481 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
482 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
483 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
484 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
485 +* uname:: Print system information
486 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
488 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
490 @@ -434,30 +420,26 @@
494 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
495 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
496 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
497 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
499 Modified command invocation
501 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
502 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
503 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
504 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
505 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
506 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
510 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
511 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
512 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
513 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
514 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
515 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
516 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
521 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
525 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
526 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
527 +* factor:: Print prime factors
528 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
532 @@ -1477,14 +1459,14 @@
536 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
537 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
538 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
539 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
540 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
541 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
542 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
543 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
544 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
545 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
548 -@node cat invocation
550 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
553 @@ -1584,7 +1566,7 @@
557 -@node tac invocation
559 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
562 @@ -1640,7 +1622,7 @@
568 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
571 @@ -1803,7 +1785,7 @@
577 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
580 @@ -2058,7 +2040,7 @@
584 -@node base64 invocation
586 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
589 @@ -2126,14 +2108,14 @@
590 These commands reformat the contents of files.
593 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
594 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
595 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
596 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
597 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
598 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
599 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
600 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
604 -@node fmt invocation
606 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
609 @@ -2237,7 +2219,7 @@
613 -@node numfmt invocation
615 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
618 @@ -2557,7 +2539,7 @@
624 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
627 @@ -2667,7 +2649,7 @@
629 @cindex formatting times
630 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
631 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
632 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
633 Except for directives, which start with
634 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
635 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
636 @@ -2894,7 +2876,7 @@
640 -@node fold invocation
642 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
645 @@ -2961,13 +2943,13 @@
646 These commands output pieces of the input.
649 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
650 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
651 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
652 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
653 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
654 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
655 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
656 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
659 -@node head invocation
661 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
664 @@ -3044,7 +3026,7 @@
668 -@node tail invocation
670 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
673 @@ -3282,7 +3264,7 @@
677 -@node split invocation
679 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
682 @@ -3511,7 +3493,7 @@
686 -@node csplit invocation
688 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
691 @@ -3727,16 +3709,16 @@
695 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
696 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
697 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
698 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
699 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
700 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
701 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
702 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
703 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
704 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
705 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
711 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
714 @@ -3854,7 +3836,7 @@
718 -@node sum invocation
720 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
723 @@ -3905,7 +3887,7 @@
727 -@node cksum invocation
729 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
732 @@ -3939,7 +3921,7 @@
736 -@node md5sum invocation
738 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
741 @@ -4085,7 +4067,7 @@
745 -@node sha1sum invocation
747 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
750 @@ -4097,7 +4079,7 @@
752 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
753 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
754 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
755 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
757 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
758 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
759 @@ -4137,7 +4119,7 @@
760 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
761 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
762 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
763 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
766 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
767 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
768 @@ -4152,16 +4134,16 @@
769 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
772 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
773 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
774 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
775 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
776 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
777 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
778 +* sort:: Sort text files.
779 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
780 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
781 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
782 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
783 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
787 -@node sort invocation
789 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
792 @@ -4450,7 +4432,7 @@
793 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
794 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
795 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
796 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
797 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
798 except that keys with the same value sort together.
800 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
801 @@ -4638,7 +4620,7 @@
802 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
803 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
804 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
805 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
806 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
810 @@ -4656,7 +4638,7 @@
811 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
812 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
813 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
814 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
815 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
817 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
819 @@ -4879,7 +4861,7 @@
823 -@node shuf invocation
825 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
828 @@ -5035,7 +5017,7 @@
832 -@node uniq invocation
834 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
837 @@ -5057,7 +5039,7 @@
838 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
839 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
840 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
841 -@xref{sort invocation}.
845 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
846 @@ -5218,7 +5200,7 @@
850 -@node comm invocation
852 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
855 @@ -5300,7 +5282,7 @@
859 -@node ptx invocation
861 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
864 @@ -5759,7 +5741,7 @@
868 -@node tsort invocation
870 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
873 @@ -5921,13 +5903,13 @@
874 @chapter Operating on fields
877 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
878 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
879 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
880 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
881 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
882 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
886 -@node cut invocation
888 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
891 @@ -6047,7 +6029,7 @@
895 -@node paste invocation
897 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
900 @@ -6143,7 +6125,7 @@
904 -@node join invocation
906 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
909 @@ -6319,13 +6301,13 @@
910 This commands operate on individual characters.
913 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
914 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
915 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
916 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
917 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
918 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
924 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
927 @@ -6705,7 +6687,7 @@
931 -@node expand invocation
933 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
936 @@ -6758,7 +6740,7 @@
940 -@node unexpand invocation
942 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
945 @@ -6819,14 +6801,14 @@
946 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
949 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
950 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
951 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
952 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
953 +* ls:: List directory contents.
955 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
956 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
962 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
965 @@ -7689,7 +7671,7 @@
968 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
969 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
970 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
971 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
972 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
973 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
974 @@ -7881,7 +7863,7 @@
978 -@node dir invocation
980 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
983 @@ -7891,10 +7873,10 @@
984 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
985 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
987 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
988 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
991 -@node vdir invocation
993 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
996 @@ -7904,7 +7886,7 @@
997 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
998 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1000 -@node dircolors invocation
1002 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1005 @@ -7991,16 +7973,16 @@
1006 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1009 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1010 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1011 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1012 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1013 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1014 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1016 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1017 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1018 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1019 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1020 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1024 -@node cp invocation
1026 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1029 @@ -8477,7 +8459,7 @@
1033 -@node dd invocation
1035 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1038 @@ -8943,7 +8925,7 @@
1042 -@node install invocation
1044 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1047 @@ -9124,7 +9106,7 @@
1051 -@node mv invocation
1053 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1056 @@ -9265,7 +9247,7 @@
1060 -@node rm invocation
1062 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1065 @@ -9428,7 +9410,7 @@
1069 -@node shred invocation
1071 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1074 @@ -9438,7 +9420,7 @@
1075 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1076 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1078 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1079 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1080 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1081 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1082 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1083 @@ -9698,18 +9680,18 @@
1084 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1087 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1088 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1089 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1090 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1091 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1092 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1093 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1094 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1095 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1096 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1097 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1098 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1099 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1100 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1101 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1102 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1106 -@node link invocation
1108 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1111 @@ -9722,7 +9704,7 @@
1112 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1113 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1114 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1115 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1116 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1120 @@ -9748,7 +9730,7 @@
1124 -@node ln invocation
1126 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1129 @@ -9932,7 +9914,7 @@
1130 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1131 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic
1132 links in these file names will be resolved.
1133 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1134 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1135 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1138 @@ -10009,7 +9991,7 @@
1142 -@node mkdir invocation
1144 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1147 @@ -10082,7 +10064,7 @@
1151 -@node mkfifo invocation
1153 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1156 @@ -10123,7 +10105,7 @@
1160 -@node mknod invocation
1162 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1165 @@ -10200,7 +10182,7 @@
1169 -@node readlink invocation
1171 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1174 @@ -10302,7 +10284,7 @@
1178 -@node rmdir invocation
1180 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1183 @@ -10350,12 +10332,12 @@
1187 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1188 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1193 -@node unlink invocation
1195 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1198 @@ -10366,7 +10348,7 @@
1199 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1200 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1201 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1202 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1203 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1206 unlink @var{filename}
1207 @@ -10400,14 +10382,14 @@
1208 These commands change file attributes.
1211 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1212 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1213 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1214 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1215 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1216 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1217 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1218 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1222 -@node chown invocation
1224 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1227 @@ -10625,7 +10607,7 @@
1231 -@node chgrp invocation
1233 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1236 @@ -10748,7 +10730,7 @@
1240 -@node chmod invocation
1242 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1245 @@ -10848,7 +10830,7 @@
1249 -@node touch invocation
1251 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1254 @@ -11055,15 +11037,15 @@
1255 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1258 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1259 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1260 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1261 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1262 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1263 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1264 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1265 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1266 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1267 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1271 -@node df invocation
1273 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1276 @@ -11362,7 +11344,7 @@
1277 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1280 -@node du invocation
1282 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1285 @@ -11619,7 +11601,7 @@
1288 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1289 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1290 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1291 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1292 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1293 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1294 @@ -11687,7 +11669,7 @@
1298 -@node stat invocation
1300 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1303 @@ -11876,7 +11858,7 @@
1307 -@node sync invocation
1309 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1312 @@ -11903,7 +11885,7 @@
1316 -@node truncate invocation
1318 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1321 @@ -11980,13 +11962,13 @@
1322 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1325 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1326 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1327 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1328 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1329 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1330 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1334 -@node echo invocation
1336 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1339 @@ -12075,12 +12057,12 @@
1340 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1341 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1342 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1343 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1344 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1349 -@node printf invocation
1351 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1354 @@ -12234,7 +12216,7 @@
1358 -@node yes invocation
1360 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1363 @@ -12265,14 +12247,14 @@
1367 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1368 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1369 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1370 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1371 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1372 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1373 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1374 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1378 -@node false invocation
1380 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1383 @@ -12302,7 +12284,7 @@
1387 -@node true invocation
1389 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1392 @@ -12338,7 +12320,7 @@
1393 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1394 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1396 -@node test invocation
1398 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1401 @@ -12671,7 +12653,7 @@
1405 -@node expr invocation
1407 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1410 @@ -12948,11 +12930,11 @@
1411 it's described here.
1414 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1415 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1419 -@node tee invocation
1421 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1424 @@ -13113,15 +13095,15 @@
1425 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1428 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1429 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1430 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1431 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1432 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1433 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1434 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1435 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1436 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1437 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1441 -@node basename invocation
1443 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1446 @@ -13207,7 +13189,7 @@
1450 -@node dirname invocation
1452 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1455 @@ -13264,7 +13246,7 @@
1459 -@node pathchk invocation
1461 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1464 @@ -13340,7 +13322,7 @@
1468 -@node mktemp invocation
1470 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1473 @@ -13515,7 +13497,7 @@
1477 -@node realpath invocation
1479 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1482 @@ -13643,14 +13625,14 @@
1483 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1486 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1487 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1488 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1489 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1490 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1491 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1492 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1493 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1497 -@node pwd invocation
1499 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1502 @@ -13697,7 +13679,7 @@
1506 -@node stty invocation
1508 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1511 @@ -14398,7 +14380,7 @@
1515 -@node printenv invocation
1517 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1520 @@ -14433,7 +14415,7 @@
1524 -@node tty invocation
1526 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1529 @@ -14483,16 +14465,16 @@
1530 logins, groups, and so forth.
1533 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1534 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1535 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1536 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1537 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1538 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1539 +* id:: Print user identity.
1540 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1541 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1542 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1543 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1544 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1548 -@node id invocation
1550 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1553 @@ -14594,7 +14576,7 @@
1557 -@node logname invocation
1559 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1562 @@ -14615,7 +14597,7 @@
1566 -@node whoami invocation
1568 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1571 @@ -14631,7 +14613,7 @@
1575 -@node groups invocation
1577 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1580 @@ -14658,7 +14640,7 @@
1584 -@node users invocation
1586 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1589 @@ -14689,7 +14671,7 @@
1593 -@node who invocation
1595 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1598 @@ -14848,16 +14830,14 @@
1602 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1603 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1604 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1605 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1606 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1607 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1608 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1609 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1610 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1611 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1612 +* uname:: Print system information.
1613 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1616 -@node date invocation
1618 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1621 @@ -15550,7 +15530,7 @@
1625 -@node arch invocation
1627 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1630 @@ -15570,7 +15550,7 @@
1634 -@node nproc invocation
1636 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1639 @@ -15607,7 +15587,7 @@
1643 -@node uname invocation
1645 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1648 @@ -15737,31 +15717,7 @@
1652 -@node hostname invocation
1653 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1656 -@cindex setting the hostname
1657 -@cindex printing the hostname
1658 -@cindex system name, printing
1659 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1661 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1662 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1663 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1667 -hostname [@var{name}]
1670 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1676 -@node hostid invocation
1678 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1681 @@ -15785,37 +15741,6 @@
1685 -@node uptime invocation
1686 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1689 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1691 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1692 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1694 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1695 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1696 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1697 -the default setting).
1699 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1700 -@xref{Common options}.
1702 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1706 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1709 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1710 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1711 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1712 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1713 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1714 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1716 @node SELinux context
1717 @chapter SELinux context
1719 @@ -15827,11 +15752,11 @@
1723 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1724 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1725 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1726 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1729 -@node chcon invocation
1731 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1734 @@ -15934,7 +15859,7 @@
1738 -@node runcon invocation
1740 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1743 @@ -16019,16 +15944,16 @@
1747 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1748 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1749 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1750 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1751 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1752 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1753 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1754 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1755 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1756 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1757 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1758 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1762 -@node chroot invocation
1764 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1767 @@ -16116,7 +16041,7 @@
1771 -@node env invocation
1773 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1776 @@ -16266,7 +16191,7 @@
1780 -@node nice invocation
1782 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1785 @@ -16393,7 +16318,7 @@
1789 -@node nohup invocation
1791 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1794 @@ -16466,7 +16391,7 @@
1798 -@node stdbuf invocation
1800 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1803 @@ -16555,7 +16480,7 @@
1807 -@node timeout invocation
1809 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1812 @@ -16642,90 +16567,6 @@
1816 -@node Process control
1817 -@chapter Process control
1819 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1820 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1823 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1827 -@node kill invocation
1828 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1831 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1833 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1834 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1835 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1838 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1839 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1842 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1844 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1845 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1846 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1847 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1848 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1850 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1851 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1852 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1853 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1854 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1855 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1856 -value of @var{pid}.
1858 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1859 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1862 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1863 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1864 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1865 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1874 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1875 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1877 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1878 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1879 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1880 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1881 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1882 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1883 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1884 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1885 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1886 -and if there is no output error.
1888 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1889 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1891 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1892 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1893 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1894 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1895 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1896 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1897 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1898 -signal names and numbers.
1903 @@ -16735,11 +16576,11 @@
1904 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1907 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1908 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1912 -@node sleep invocation
1914 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1917 @@ -16789,12 +16630,12 @@
1918 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1921 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1922 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1923 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1924 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1928 -@node factor invocation
1930 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1933 @@ -16852,7 +16693,7 @@
1937 -@node seq invocation
1939 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences