---- coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2011-01-01 22:19:23.000000000 +0100
-+++ coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi 2011-01-09 12:28:09.837901529 +0100
-@@ -20,119 +20,111 @@
+--- coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2019-03-07 06:59:27.000000000 +0100
++++ coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi 2019-05-31 16:57:00.439962635 +0200
+@@ -22,123 +22,112 @@
@syncodeindex pg cp
@syncodeindex vr cp
+@dircategory Core utilities:
@direntry
-* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
--* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
--* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
+* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
-+* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options
+ * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
+-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
+* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-@end direntry
-@dircategory Individual utilities
-@direntry
-* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
+-* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
+-* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
-* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
-* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
+-* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
-* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
-* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
-* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
--* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
--* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
+-* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
+-* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
-* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
-* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
-* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
-* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
-* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
-* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
--* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
+-* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
-* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
-* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
-* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
-* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
-* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
-* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
+-* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
-* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
-* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
-* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
-* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
-* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
-* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
+-* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
-* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
-* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
-* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
-* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
-* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
-* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
--* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
-* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
--* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
+-* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
-* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
-* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
-* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
-* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
-* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
+* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
++* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests
++* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
+* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
+* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
++* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data
+* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
+* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
+* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
-+* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
-+* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
++* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
++* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
+* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
+* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
+* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
+* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
+* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
+* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
-+* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name
+* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
-+* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
++* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
+* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
-+* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes
+* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
+* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
+* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
+* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
+* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
+* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
++* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
+* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
+* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
+* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
+* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
+* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
+* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
++* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
+* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
+* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
+* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
+* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
+* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
+* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
-+* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
+* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
-+* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
++* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
+* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
+* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
+* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
+* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
+* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
+* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
-+* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load
+* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
+* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
+* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
@end direntry
@copying
-@@ -197,10 +189,9 @@
- * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp
+@@ -203,10 +192,9 @@
+ * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
* Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
* User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
-* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
+* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
* SELinux context:: chcon runcon
- * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout
+ * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
-* Process control:: kill
* Delaying:: sleep
- * Numeric operations:: factor seq
+ * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
* File permissions:: Access modes
-@@ -228,42 +219,42 @@
+@@ -237,45 +225,45 @@
Output of entire files
-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
+-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
+-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
+* cat:: Concatenate and write files
+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
+* nl:: Number lines and write files
+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
++* base32:: Transform data into printable data
+* base64:: Transform data into printable data
++* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
Formatting file contents
-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
+-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
++* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
@command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
-@@ -275,15 +266,15 @@
+@@ -287,15 +275,15 @@
Operating on fields
@command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
-@@ -293,10 +284,10 @@
+@@ -305,10 +293,10 @@
Directory listing
@command{ls}: List directory contents
-@@ -309,51 +300,51 @@
+@@ -321,51 +309,51 @@
Basic operations
-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
--* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
+-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
+* df:: Report file system disk space usage
+* du:: Estimate file space usage
+* stat:: Report file or file system status
-+* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
++* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
Printing text
@command{test}: Check file types and compare values
-@@ -372,21 +363,21 @@
+@@ -384,22 +372,22 @@
Redirection
-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
+-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
+* dirname:: Strip last file name component
+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
++* realpath:: Print resolved file names
Working context
@command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
-@@ -400,22 +391,20 @@
+@@ -413,22 +401,20 @@
User information
@command{date}: Print or set system date and time
-@@ -430,31 +419,27 @@
+@@ -443,31 +429,27 @@
SELinux context
-* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
-* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
-* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
--* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
-* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
-
-Process control
+* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
+* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
+* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
-+* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
+* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
Delaying
Numeric operations
-* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
+-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
-* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
+* factor:: Print prime factors
++* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
+* seq:: Print numeric sequences
- File permissions
-@@ -1443,14 +1428,14 @@
+ File timestamps
+@@ -1590,16 +1572,16 @@
in some way.
@menu
-* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
-* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
-* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
+-* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
-* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
+-* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
+* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
+* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
+* nl:: Number lines and write files.
+* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
++* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
+* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
++* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
@end menu
-@node cat invocation
@section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
@pindex cat
-@@ -1550,7 +1535,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -1700,7 +1682,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node tac invocation
@section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
@pindex tac
-@@ -1599,7 +1584,7 @@
- @exitstatus
+@@ -1758,7 +1740,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node nl invocation
@section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
@pindex nl
-@@ -1762,7 +1747,7 @@
+@@ -1921,7 +1903,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
@pindex od
-@@ -2016,7 +2001,7 @@
-
+@@ -2187,7 +2169,7 @@
@exitstatus
+
+-@node base32 invocation
++@node base32
+ @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
+
+ @pindex base32
+@@ -2197,10 +2179,10 @@
+ into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
+ printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
+ The usage and options of this command are precisely the
+-same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
++same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
+
+
-@node base64 invocation
+@node base64
@section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
@pindex base64
-@@ -2084,13 +2069,13 @@
+@@ -2260,7 +2242,7 @@
+
+ @exitstatus
+
+-@node basenc invocation
++@node basenc
+ @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
+
+ @pindex basenc
+@@ -2280,7 +2262,7 @@
+ The @var{encoding} argument is required. If @var{file} is omitted,
+ reads input from stdin. The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
+ @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
+-for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
++for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
+
+
+ Supported @var{encoding}s are:
+@@ -2395,13 +2377,13 @@
These commands reformat the contents of files.
@menu
@section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
@pindex fmt
-@@ -2189,7 +2174,7 @@
- @exitstatus
+@@ -2505,7 +2487,7 @@
+ @exitstatus
-@node pr invocation
+@node pr
@section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
@pindex pr
-@@ -2329,7 +2314,7 @@
+@@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@
@cindex time formats
@cindex formatting times
Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
--for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
-+for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
+-for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
++for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
Except for directives, which start with
@samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
-@@ -2556,7 +2541,7 @@
+@@ -2845,7 +2827,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
@pindex fold
-@@ -2623,13 +2608,13 @@
+@@ -2912,13 +2894,13 @@
These commands output pieces of the input.
@menu
@section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
@pindex head
-@@ -2706,7 +2691,7 @@
+@@ -2997,7 +2979,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
@pindex tail
-@@ -2922,7 +2907,7 @@
+@@ -3247,7 +3229,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
@pindex split
-@@ -3112,7 +3097,7 @@
+@@ -3502,7 +3484,7 @@
@end example
@section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
@pindex csplit
-@@ -3303,16 +3288,16 @@
+@@ -3721,17 +3703,17 @@
contents of files.
@menu
-* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
-* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
-* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
+-* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
-* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
-* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
+* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
+* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
+* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
++* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
+* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
+* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
* sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
@section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
@pindex wc
-@@ -3430,7 +3415,7 @@
+@@ -3852,7 +3834,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
@pindex sum
-@@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@
+@@ -3903,7 +3885,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
@pindex cksum
-@@ -3515,7 +3500,7 @@
+@@ -3937,7 +3919,7 @@
@exitstatus
+-@node b2sum invocation
++@node b2sum
+ @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
+
+ @pindex b2sum
+@@ -3949,7 +3931,7 @@
+
+ @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
+ @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
+-command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
++command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
+ In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
+
+ @table @samp
+@@ -3964,7 +3946,7 @@
+ as the length is automatically determined when checking.
+ @end table
+
-@node md5sum invocation
+@node md5sum
@section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
@pindex md5sum
-@@ -3643,7 +3628,7 @@
+@@ -3987,7 +3969,7 @@
+ to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
+ appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
+ consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
+-@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
++@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
+ @end macro
+ @weakHash{MD5}
+
+@@ -4130,7 +4112,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
@pindex sha1sum
-@@ -3655,7 +3640,7 @@
+@@ -4142,7 +4124,7 @@
@command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
@var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
-same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
+same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
- Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
- it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
-@@ -3695,7 +3680,7 @@
- various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
+ @weakHash{SHA-1}
+
+@@ -4178,7 +4160,7 @@
collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
- these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
+ these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
+ and @command{sha1sum}.
-@xref{md5sum invocation}.
+@xref{md5sum}.
- Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
- compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
-@@ -3710,16 +3695,16 @@
+
+ @node Operating on sorted files
+@@ -4190,16 +4172,16 @@
These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
@menu
@section @command{sort}: Sort text files
@pindex sort
-@@ -4008,7 +3993,7 @@
+@@ -4489,7 +4471,7 @@
Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
except that keys with the same value sort together.
If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
-@@ -4196,7 +4181,7 @@
+@@ -4687,7 +4669,7 @@
@var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
@item -u
@itemx --unique
-@@ -4214,7 +4199,7 @@
+@@ -4705,7 +4687,7 @@
this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
-uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
+uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
- @macro zeroTerminatedOption
- @item -z
-@@ -4437,7 +4422,7 @@
+ @optZeroTerminated
+ @macro newlineFieldSeparator
+@@ -4918,7 +4900,7 @@
@end itemize
@section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
@pindex shuf
-@@ -4567,7 +4552,7 @@
+@@ -5074,7 +5056,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
@pindex uniq
-@@ -4589,7 +4574,7 @@
+@@ -5096,7 +5078,7 @@
The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
@vindex LC_COLLATE
Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
-@@ -4716,7 +4701,7 @@
+@@ -5261,7 +5243,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
@pindex comm
-@@ -4792,7 +4777,7 @@
+@@ -5376,7 +5358,7 @@
@end table
@section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
@pindex ptx
-@@ -5249,7 +5234,7 @@
+@@ -5865,7 +5847,7 @@
@end itemize
@section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
@pindex tsort
-@@ -5411,13 +5396,13 @@
+@@ -6027,13 +6009,13 @@
@chapter Operating on fields
@menu
@section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
@pindex cut
-@@ -5522,7 +5507,7 @@
+@@ -6158,7 +6140,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
@pindex paste
-@@ -5592,7 +5577,7 @@
+@@ -6256,7 +6238,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
@pindex join
-@@ -5757,13 +5742,13 @@
- This commands operate on individual characters.
+@@ -6788,13 +6770,13 @@
+ These commands operate on individual characters.
@menu
-* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
@section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
@pindex tr
-@@ -6142,7 +6127,7 @@
+@@ -7177,7 +7159,7 @@
@end itemize
@section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
@pindex expand
-@@ -6195,7 +6180,7 @@
+@@ -7246,7 +7228,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
@pindex unexpand
-@@ -6256,14 +6241,14 @@
+@@ -7309,14 +7291,14 @@
and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
@menu
@section @command{ls}: List directory contents
@pindex ls
-@@ -7101,7 +7086,7 @@
+@@ -8205,7 +8187,7 @@
@item +@var{format}
@vindex LC_TIME
List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
@command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
-@@ -7293,7 +7278,7 @@
+@@ -8406,7 +8388,7 @@
@end table
@section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
@pindex dir
-@@ -7303,10 +7288,10 @@
+@@ -8416,10 +8398,10 @@
-b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
@section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
@pindex vdir
-@@ -7316,7 +7301,7 @@
+@@ -8429,9 +8411,9 @@
-b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
+-@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
++@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
+
-@node dircolors invocation
+@node dircolors
@section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
@pindex dircolors
-@@ -7403,16 +7388,16 @@
+@@ -8518,16 +8500,16 @@
copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
@menu
@section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
@pindex cp
-@@ -7861,7 +7846,7 @@
+@@ -9017,7 +8999,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
@pindex dd
-@@ -8226,7 +8211,7 @@
+@@ -9541,7 +9523,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
@pindex install
-@@ -8407,7 +8392,7 @@
+@@ -9723,7 +9705,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
@pindex mv
-@@ -8538,7 +8523,7 @@
+@@ -9869,7 +9851,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
@pindex rm
-@@ -8693,7 +8678,7 @@
+@@ -10035,7 +10017,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
@pindex shred
-@@ -8703,7 +8688,7 @@
+@@ -10055,7 +10055,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
@command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
- very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
-
--Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
-+Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
- not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
- stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
- There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
-@@ -8936,18 +8921,18 @@
+ extensive forensics from recovering the data.
+
+-Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
++Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
+ and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
+ entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
+ process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
+@@ -10305,18 +10287,18 @@
(FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
@menu
-* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
-* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
-* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
-+* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
-+* ln:: Make links between files.
-+* mkdir:: Make directories.
-+* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
-+* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
-+* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
-+* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
-+* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
++* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
++* ln:: Make links between files.
++* mkdir:: Make directories.
++* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
++* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
++* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
++* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
++* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
@end menu
@section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
@pindex link
-@@ -8960,7 +8945,7 @@
+@@ -10329,7 +10311,7 @@
@code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
Synopsis:
@example
-@@ -8986,7 +8971,7 @@
+@@ -10355,7 +10337,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{ln}: Make links between files
@pindex ln
-@@ -9215,7 +9200,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -10541,7 +10523,7 @@
+ Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
+ containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
+ links in these file names will be resolved.
+-@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
++@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
+ over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
+
+ @example
+@@ -10618,7 +10600,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node mkdir invocation
@section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
@pindex mkdir
-@@ -9294,7 +9279,7 @@
+@@ -10691,7 +10673,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
@pindex mkfifo
-@@ -9341,7 +9326,7 @@
+@@ -10732,7 +10714,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
@pindex mknod
-@@ -9424,7 +9409,7 @@
+@@ -10809,7 +10791,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
@pindex readlink
-@@ -9520,7 +9505,7 @@
+@@ -10833,7 +10815,7 @@
+ @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
+ no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
+ (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
+-preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
++preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
+
+ @end table
+
+@@ -10908,7 +10890,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
@pindex rmdir
-@@ -9568,12 +9553,12 @@
+@@ -10956,12 +10938,12 @@
@end table
@section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
@pindex unlink
-@@ -9584,7 +9569,7 @@
+@@ -10972,7 +10954,7 @@
@code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
@example
unlink @var{filename}
-@@ -9618,14 +9603,14 @@
+@@ -11006,14 +10988,14 @@
These commands change file attributes.
@menu
+-* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
-* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
-* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
--* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
-* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
++* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
+* chgrp:: Change file groups.
+* chmod:: Change access permissions.
-+* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
+* touch:: Change file timestamps.
@end menu
@section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
@pindex chown
-@@ -9843,7 +9828,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -11240,7 +11222,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node chgrp invocation
@section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
@pindex chgrp
-@@ -9966,7 +9951,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -11249,7 +11231,7 @@
+
+ @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
+ to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
+-or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
++or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
+ Synopsis:
+
+ @example
+@@ -11368,7 +11350,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node chmod invocation
@section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
@pindex chmod
-@@ -10066,7 +10051,7 @@
- @exitstatus
+@@ -11490,7 +11472,7 @@
+ @end smallexample
-@node touch invocation
@section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
@pindex touch
-@@ -10243,15 +10228,15 @@
+@@ -11664,15 +11646,15 @@
file status information, and write buffers to disk.
@menu
-* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
-* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
-* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
--* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
+-* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
-* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
+* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
+* du:: Estimate file space usage.
+* stat:: Report file or file system status.
-+* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
++* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
+* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
@end menu
@section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
@pindex df
-@@ -10464,7 +10449,7 @@
- @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
+@@ -11980,7 +11962,7 @@
+ or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
-@node du invocation
@section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
@pindex du
-@@ -10662,7 +10647,7 @@
+@@ -12237,7 +12219,7 @@
@item +@var{format}
@vindex LC_TIME
List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
@command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
-@@ -10730,7 +10715,7 @@
+@@ -12305,7 +12287,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
@pindex stat
-@@ -10914,7 +10899,7 @@
+@@ -12518,7 +12500,7 @@
@exitstatus
-@node sync invocation
+@node sync
- @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
+ @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
@pindex sync
-@@ -10941,7 +10926,7 @@
+@@ -12577,7 +12559,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
@pindex truncate
-@@ -11017,13 +11002,13 @@
+@@ -12654,13 +12636,13 @@
This section describes commands that display text strings.
@menu
@section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
@pindex echo
-@@ -11110,12 +11095,12 @@
+@@ -12749,12 +12731,12 @@
@var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
@option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
@section @command{printf}: Format and print data
@pindex printf
-@@ -11264,7 +11249,7 @@
+@@ -12916,7 +12898,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
@pindex yes
-@@ -11295,14 +11280,14 @@
+@@ -12947,14 +12929,14 @@
pipeline.
@menu
@section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
@pindex false
-@@ -11332,7 +11317,7 @@
- non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
+@@ -12984,7 +12966,7 @@
+ non-GNU hosts.
-@node true invocation
@section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
@pindex true
-@@ -11368,7 +11353,7 @@
+@@ -13020,7 +13002,7 @@
more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
@section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
@pindex test
-@@ -11696,7 +11681,7 @@
+@@ -13389,7 +13371,7 @@
@end table
@section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
@pindex expr
-@@ -11973,11 +11958,11 @@
+@@ -13666,11 +13648,11 @@
it's described here.
@menu
@section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
@pindex tee
-@@ -12138,14 +12123,14 @@
+@@ -13877,15 +13859,15 @@
This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
@menu
-* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
-* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
-* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
+-* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
+* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
+* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
+* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
+* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
++* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
@end menu
@section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
@pindex basename
-@@ -12199,7 +12184,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -13967,7 +13949,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node dirname invocation
@section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
@pindex dirname
-@@ -12244,7 +12229,7 @@
- @end smallexample
+@@ -14020,7 +14002,7 @@
+ @end example
-@node pathchk invocation
@section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
@pindex pathchk
-@@ -12320,7 +12305,7 @@
+@@ -14096,7 +14078,7 @@
1 otherwise.
@end display
@section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
@pindex mktemp
-@@ -12506,14 +12491,14 @@
+@@ -14271,7 +14253,7 @@
+ @end display
+
+
+-@node realpath invocation
++@node realpath
+ @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
+
+ @pindex realpath
+@@ -14463,14 +14445,14 @@
so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
@menu
@section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
@pindex pwd
-@@ -12560,7 +12545,7 @@
+@@ -14517,7 +14499,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
@pindex stty
-@@ -13244,7 +13229,7 @@
+@@ -15259,7 +15241,7 @@
@end table
@section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
@pindex printenv
-@@ -13279,7 +13264,7 @@
+@@ -15294,7 +15276,7 @@
@end display
@section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
@pindex tty
-@@ -13329,16 +13314,16 @@
+@@ -15344,16 +15326,16 @@
logins, groups, and so forth.
@menu
@section @command{id}: Print user identity
@pindex id
-@@ -13424,7 +13409,7 @@
- @end macro
- @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
+@@ -15460,7 +15442,7 @@
+
+ @exitstatus
-@node logname invocation
+@node logname
@section @command{logname}: Print current login name
@pindex logname
-@@ -13445,7 +13430,7 @@
+@@ -15481,7 +15463,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
@pindex whoami
-@@ -13461,7 +13446,7 @@
+@@ -15497,7 +15479,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
@pindex groups
-@@ -13489,7 +13474,7 @@
- @exitstatus
+@@ -15524,7 +15506,7 @@
+ @exitstatus
-@node users invocation
+@node users
@section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
@pindex users
-@@ -13520,7 +13505,7 @@
+@@ -15559,7 +15541,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
@pindex who
-@@ -13679,16 +13664,14 @@
+@@ -15722,16 +15704,14 @@
information.
@menu
-* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
-* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
-* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
-+* date:: Print or set system date and time.
-+* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
-+* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
-+* uname:: Print system information.
-+* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
++* date:: Print or set system date and time.
++* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
++* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
++* uname:: Print system information.
++* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
@end menu
-@node date invocation
@section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
@pindex date
-@@ -14321,7 +14304,7 @@
+@@ -16459,7 +16439,7 @@
@end itemize
@section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
@pindex arch
-@@ -14341,7 +14324,7 @@
+@@ -16482,7 +16462,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
@pindex nproc
-@@ -14378,7 +14361,7 @@
+@@ -16521,7 +16501,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{uname}: Print system information
@pindex uname
-@@ -14508,31 +14491,7 @@
+@@ -16651,35 +16631,7 @@
@exitstatus
-The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
-options}.
-
+-@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
+-also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
+-not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
+-
-@exitstatus
-
-
@section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
@pindex hostid
-@@ -14556,37 +14515,6 @@
+@@ -16707,44 +16659,6 @@
@exitstatus
-also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
-those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
-includes uninterruptible processes.
+-
+-@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
+-for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
+-@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
+-existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
+-
+-@exitstatus
-
@node SELinux context
@chapter SELinux context
-@@ -14598,11 +14526,11 @@
+@@ -16756,11 +16670,11 @@
contexts.
@menu
@section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
@pindex chcon
-@@ -14689,7 +14617,7 @@
+@@ -16863,7 +16777,7 @@
@exitstatus
@section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
@pindex runcon
-@@ -14774,17 +14702,17 @@
+@@ -16955,16 +16869,16 @@
user, etc.
@menu
-* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
-* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
-* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
--* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
-* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
+* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
+* env:: Modify environment variables.
+* nice:: Modify niceness.
+* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
+* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
-+* su:: Modify user and group ID.
+* timeout:: Run with time limit.
@end menu
@section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
@pindex chroot
-@@ -14872,7 +14800,7 @@
+@@ -17080,7 +16994,7 @@
@end display
@section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
@pindex env
-@@ -15022,7 +14950,7 @@
- @end display
+@@ -17698,7 +17612,7 @@
+
-@node nice invocation
@section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
@pindex nice
-@@ -15145,7 +15073,7 @@
+@@ -17829,7 +17743,7 @@
@end example
@section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
@pindex nohup
-@@ -15218,7 +15146,7 @@
+@@ -17903,7 +17817,7 @@
instead of 125.
@section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
@pindex stdbuf
-@@ -15297,7 +15225,7 @@
+@@ -17997,7 +17911,7 @@
@end display
--@node su invocation
-+@node su
- @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
-
- @pindex su
-@@ -15454,7 +15382,7 @@
- might find this idea strange at first.
-
-
-@node timeout invocation
+@node timeout
@section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
@pindex timeout
-@@ -15515,89 +15443,6 @@
+@@ -18094,90 +18008,6 @@
@end display
-
-The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
-@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
--is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
+-is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
-valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
-specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
-
-
-If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
-should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
--@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
+-POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
--@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
-
-@example
-A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
-number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
-signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
--@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
+-@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
-@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
--ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported
--signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}.
+-ambiguity with lower case option letters.
+-@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
+-signal names and numbers.
-
@node Delaying
@chapter Delaying
-@@ -15607,11 +15452,11 @@
+@@ -18187,11 +18017,11 @@
@c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
@menu
@section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
@pindex sleep
-@@ -15662,12 +15507,12 @@
+@@ -18241,13 +18071,13 @@
These programs do numerically-related operations.
@menu
-* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
+-* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
-* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
+* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
++* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
+* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
@end menu
@section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
@pindex factor
-@@ -15723,7 +15568,7 @@
+@@ -18305,7 +18135,7 @@
@exitstatus
+-@node numfmt invocation
++@node numfmt
+ @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
+
+ @pindex numfmt
+@@ -18645,7 +18475,7 @@
+ @end example
+
+
-@node seq invocation
+@node seq
@section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
@pindex seq
+@@ -18817,7 +18647,7 @@
+ whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
+ respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
+ file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
+-@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
++@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
+ though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
+
+ For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes:
TLD / packages / coreutils.git / blobdiff