1 --- coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2019-03-07 06:59:27.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.31/doc/coreutils.texi 2019-05-31 16:57:00.439962635 +0200
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
26 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
27 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
28 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
29 -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
87 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
88 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
89 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
91 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
92 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
93 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
95 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
96 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
97 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
99 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
100 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
101 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
102 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
103 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
104 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
105 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
109 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
110 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
113 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
114 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
118 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
119 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
120 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
121 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
123 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
124 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
125 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
126 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
127 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
128 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests
129 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
130 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
131 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
132 +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data
133 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
134 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
135 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
136 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
137 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
138 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
139 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
140 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
141 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
142 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
143 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
144 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
145 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
146 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
147 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
148 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
149 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
150 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
151 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
152 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
153 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
154 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
155 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
156 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
157 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
158 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
159 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
160 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
161 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
162 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
163 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
164 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
165 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
166 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
167 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
168 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
169 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
170 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
171 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
172 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
173 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
174 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
175 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
176 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
177 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
178 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
179 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
180 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
181 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
182 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
183 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
184 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
185 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
186 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
187 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
188 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
189 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
190 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
191 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
192 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
193 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
194 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
195 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
196 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
197 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
198 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
199 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
200 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
201 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
202 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
203 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
204 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
205 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
206 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
207 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
208 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
209 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
210 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
211 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
212 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
213 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
214 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
215 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
216 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
217 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
218 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
219 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
220 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
221 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
222 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
223 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
224 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
225 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
226 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
231 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
232 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
233 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
234 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
235 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
236 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
237 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
238 -* Process control:: kill
240 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
241 * File permissions:: Access modes
242 @@ -237,45 +225,45 @@
244 Output of entire files
246 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
247 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
248 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
249 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
250 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
251 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
252 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
253 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
254 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
255 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
256 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
257 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
258 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
259 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
261 Formatting file contents
263 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
264 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
266 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
267 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
268 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
270 Output of parts of files
272 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
273 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
274 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
275 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
276 +* head:: Output the first part of files
277 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
278 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
279 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
283 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
284 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
285 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
286 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
287 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
288 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
289 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
290 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
291 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
292 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
293 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
294 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
295 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
297 Operating on sorted files
299 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
300 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
301 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
302 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
303 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
304 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
305 +* sort:: Sort text files
306 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
307 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
308 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
309 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
310 +* tsort:: Topological sort
312 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
314 @@ -287,15 +275,15 @@
318 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
319 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
320 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
321 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
322 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
323 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
325 Operating on characters
327 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
330 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
331 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
332 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
334 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
336 @@ -305,10 +293,10 @@
340 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
341 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
342 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
343 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
344 +* ls:: List directory contents
345 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
346 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
347 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
349 @command{ls}: List directory contents
351 @@ -321,51 +309,51 @@
355 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
356 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
357 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
358 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
359 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
360 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
361 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
362 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
363 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
364 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
365 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
366 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
370 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
372 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
373 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
375 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
377 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
378 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
379 +* ln:: Make links between files
380 +* mkdir:: Make directories
381 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
382 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
383 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
384 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
385 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
387 Changing file attributes
389 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
390 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
391 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
392 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
393 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
394 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
395 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
396 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
400 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
401 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
402 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
403 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
404 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
406 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
407 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
408 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
409 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
413 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
414 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
415 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
416 +* echo:: Print a line of text
417 +* printf:: Format and print data
418 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
422 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
423 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
424 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
425 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
426 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
427 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
428 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
429 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
431 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
433 @@ -384,22 +372,22 @@
437 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
438 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
440 File name manipulation
442 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
443 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
444 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
445 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
446 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
447 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
448 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
449 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
450 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
451 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
455 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
456 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
457 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
458 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
459 +* pwd:: Print working directory
460 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
461 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
462 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
464 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
466 @@ -413,22 +401,20 @@
470 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
471 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
472 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
473 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
474 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
475 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
476 +* id:: Print user identity
477 +* logname:: Print current login name
478 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
479 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
480 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
481 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
485 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
486 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
487 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
488 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
489 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
490 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
491 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
492 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
493 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
494 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
495 +* uname:: Print system information
496 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
498 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
500 @@ -443,31 +429,27 @@
504 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
505 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
507 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
509 Modified command invocation
511 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
512 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
513 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
514 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
515 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
516 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
521 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
522 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
523 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
524 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
525 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
526 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
530 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
531 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
535 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
536 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
537 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
538 +* factor:: Print prime factors
539 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
540 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
544 @@ -1590,16 +1572,16 @@
548 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
549 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
550 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
551 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
552 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
553 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
554 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
555 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
556 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
557 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
558 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
559 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
560 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
561 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
564 -@node cat invocation
566 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
569 @@ -1700,7 +1682,7 @@
573 -@node tac invocation
575 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
578 @@ -1758,7 +1740,7 @@
584 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
587 @@ -1921,7 +1903,7 @@
593 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
596 @@ -2187,7 +2169,7 @@
600 -@node base32 invocation
602 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
605 @@ -2197,10 +2179,10 @@
606 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
607 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
608 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
609 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
610 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
613 -@node base64 invocation
615 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
618 @@ -2260,7 +2242,7 @@
622 -@node basenc invocation
624 @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
627 @@ -2280,7 +2262,7 @@
628 The @var{encoding} argument is required. If @var{file} is omitted,
629 reads input from stdin. The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
630 @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
631 -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
632 +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
635 Supported @var{encoding}s are:
636 @@ -2395,13 +2377,13 @@
637 These commands reformat the contents of files.
640 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
641 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
642 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
643 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
644 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
645 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
649 -@node fmt invocation
651 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
654 @@ -2505,7 +2487,7 @@
660 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
663 @@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@
665 @cindex formatting times
666 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
667 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
668 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
669 Except for directives, which start with
670 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
671 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
672 @@ -2845,7 +2827,7 @@
676 -@node fold invocation
678 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
681 @@ -2912,13 +2894,13 @@
682 These commands output pieces of the input.
685 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
686 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
687 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
688 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
689 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
690 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
691 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
692 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
695 -@node head invocation
697 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
700 @@ -2997,7 +2979,7 @@
704 -@node tail invocation
706 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
709 @@ -3247,7 +3229,7 @@
713 -@node split invocation
715 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
718 @@ -3502,7 +3484,7 @@
722 -@node csplit invocation
724 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
727 @@ -3721,17 +3703,17 @@
731 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
732 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
733 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
734 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
735 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
736 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
737 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
738 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
739 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
740 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
741 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
742 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
743 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
749 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
752 @@ -3852,7 +3834,7 @@
756 -@node sum invocation
758 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
761 @@ -3903,7 +3885,7 @@
765 -@node cksum invocation
767 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
770 @@ -3937,7 +3919,7 @@
774 -@node b2sum invocation
776 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
779 @@ -3949,7 +3931,7 @@
781 @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
782 @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
783 -command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
784 +command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
785 In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
788 @@ -3964,7 +3946,7 @@
789 as the length is automatically determined when checking.
792 -@node md5sum invocation
794 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
797 @@ -3987,7 +3969,7 @@
798 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
799 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
800 consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
801 -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
802 +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
806 @@ -4130,7 +4112,7 @@
810 -@node sha1sum invocation
812 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
815 @@ -4142,7 +4124,7 @@
817 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
818 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
819 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
820 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
824 @@ -4178,7 +4160,7 @@
825 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
826 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
827 and @command{sha1sum}.
828 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
832 @node Operating on sorted files
833 @@ -4190,16 +4172,16 @@
834 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
837 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
838 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
839 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
840 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
841 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
842 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
843 +* sort:: Sort text files.
844 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
845 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
846 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
847 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
848 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
852 -@node sort invocation
854 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
857 @@ -4489,7 +4471,7 @@
858 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
859 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
860 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
861 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
862 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
863 except that keys with the same value sort together.
865 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
866 @@ -4687,7 +4669,7 @@
867 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
868 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
869 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
870 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
871 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
875 @@ -4705,7 +4687,7 @@
876 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
877 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
878 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
879 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
880 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
883 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
884 @@ -4918,7 +4900,7 @@
888 -@node shuf invocation
890 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
893 @@ -5074,7 +5056,7 @@
897 -@node uniq invocation
899 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
902 @@ -5096,7 +5078,7 @@
903 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
904 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
905 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
906 -@xref{sort invocation}.
910 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
911 @@ -5261,7 +5243,7 @@
915 -@node comm invocation
917 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
920 @@ -5376,7 +5358,7 @@
924 -@node ptx invocation
926 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
929 @@ -5865,7 +5847,7 @@
933 -@node tsort invocation
935 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
938 @@ -6027,13 +6009,13 @@
939 @chapter Operating on fields
942 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
943 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
944 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
945 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
946 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
947 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
951 -@node cut invocation
953 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
956 @@ -6158,7 +6140,7 @@
960 -@node paste invocation
962 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
965 @@ -6256,7 +6238,7 @@
969 -@node join invocation
971 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
974 @@ -6788,13 +6770,13 @@
975 These commands operate on individual characters.
978 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
979 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
980 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
981 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
982 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
983 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
989 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
992 @@ -7177,7 +7159,7 @@
996 -@node expand invocation
998 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
1001 @@ -7246,7 +7228,7 @@
1005 -@node unexpand invocation
1007 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
1010 @@ -7309,14 +7291,14 @@
1011 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
1014 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
1015 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
1016 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
1017 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1018 +* ls:: List directory contents.
1019 +* dir:: Briefly ls.
1020 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1021 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1025 -@node ls invocation
1027 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1030 @@ -8205,7 +8187,7 @@
1033 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1034 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1035 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1036 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1037 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1038 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1039 @@ -8406,7 +8388,7 @@
1043 -@node dir invocation
1045 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1048 @@ -8416,10 +8398,10 @@
1049 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1050 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1052 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1053 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1056 -@node vdir invocation
1058 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1061 @@ -8429,9 +8411,9 @@
1062 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1063 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1065 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1066 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1068 -@node dircolors invocation
1070 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1073 @@ -8518,16 +8500,16 @@
1074 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1077 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1078 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1079 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1080 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1081 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1082 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1084 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1085 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1086 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1087 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1088 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1092 -@node cp invocation
1094 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1097 @@ -9017,7 +8999,7 @@
1101 -@node dd invocation
1103 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1106 @@ -9541,7 +9523,7 @@
1110 -@node install invocation
1112 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1115 @@ -9723,7 +9705,7 @@
1119 -@node mv invocation
1121 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1124 @@ -9869,7 +9851,7 @@
1128 -@node rm invocation
1130 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1133 @@ -10035,7 +10017,7 @@
1137 -@node shred invocation
1139 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1142 @@ -10045,7 +10027,7 @@
1143 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1144 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1146 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1147 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1148 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1149 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1150 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1151 @@ -10305,18 +10287,18 @@
1152 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1155 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1156 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1157 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1158 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1159 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1160 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1161 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1162 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1163 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1164 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1165 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1166 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1167 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1168 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1169 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1170 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1174 -@node link invocation
1176 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1179 @@ -10329,7 +10311,7 @@
1180 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1181 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1182 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1183 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1184 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1188 @@ -10355,7 +10337,7 @@
1192 -@node ln invocation
1194 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1197 @@ -10541,7 +10523,7 @@
1198 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1199 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1200 links in these file names will be resolved.
1201 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1202 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1203 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1206 @@ -10618,7 +10600,7 @@
1210 -@node mkdir invocation
1212 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1215 @@ -10691,7 +10673,7 @@
1219 -@node mkfifo invocation
1221 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1224 @@ -10732,7 +10714,7 @@
1228 -@node mknod invocation
1230 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1233 @@ -10809,7 +10791,7 @@
1237 -@node readlink invocation
1239 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1242 @@ -10833,7 +10815,7 @@
1243 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1244 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1245 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
1246 -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1247 +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1251 @@ -10908,7 +10890,7 @@
1255 -@node rmdir invocation
1257 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1260 @@ -10956,12 +10938,12 @@
1264 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1265 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1270 -@node unlink invocation
1272 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1275 @@ -10972,7 +10954,7 @@
1276 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1277 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1278 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1279 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1280 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1283 unlink @var{filename}
1284 @@ -11006,14 +10988,14 @@
1285 These commands change file attributes.
1288 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1289 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1290 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1291 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1292 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1293 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1294 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1295 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1299 -@node chown invocation
1301 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1304 @@ -11240,7 +11222,7 @@
1308 -@node chgrp invocation
1310 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1313 @@ -11249,7 +11231,7 @@
1315 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1316 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1317 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1318 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1322 @@ -11368,7 +11350,7 @@
1326 -@node chmod invocation
1328 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1331 @@ -11490,7 +11472,7 @@
1335 -@node touch invocation
1337 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1340 @@ -11664,15 +11646,15 @@
1341 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1344 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1345 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1346 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1347 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1348 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1349 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1350 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1351 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1352 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1353 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1357 -@node df invocation
1359 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1362 @@ -11980,7 +11962,7 @@
1363 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1366 -@node du invocation
1368 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1371 @@ -12237,7 +12219,7 @@
1374 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1375 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1376 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1377 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1378 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1379 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1380 @@ -12305,7 +12287,7 @@
1384 -@node stat invocation
1386 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1389 @@ -12518,7 +12500,7 @@
1393 -@node sync invocation
1395 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1398 @@ -12577,7 +12559,7 @@
1402 -@node truncate invocation
1404 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1407 @@ -12654,13 +12636,13 @@
1408 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1411 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1412 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1413 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1414 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1415 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1416 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1420 -@node echo invocation
1422 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1425 @@ -12749,12 +12731,12 @@
1426 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1427 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1428 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1429 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1430 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1435 -@node printf invocation
1437 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1440 @@ -12916,7 +12898,7 @@
1444 -@node yes invocation
1446 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1449 @@ -12947,14 +12929,14 @@
1453 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1454 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1455 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1456 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1457 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1458 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1459 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1460 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1464 -@node false invocation
1466 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1469 @@ -12984,7 +12966,7 @@
1473 -@node true invocation
1475 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1478 @@ -13020,7 +13002,7 @@
1479 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1480 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1482 -@node test invocation
1484 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1487 @@ -13389,7 +13371,7 @@
1491 -@node expr invocation
1493 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1496 @@ -13666,11 +13648,11 @@
1497 it's described here.
1500 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1501 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1505 -@node tee invocation
1507 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1510 @@ -13877,15 +13859,15 @@
1511 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1514 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1515 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1516 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1517 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1518 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1519 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1520 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1521 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1522 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1523 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1527 -@node basename invocation
1529 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1532 @@ -13967,7 +13949,7 @@
1536 -@node dirname invocation
1538 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1541 @@ -14020,7 +14002,7 @@
1545 -@node pathchk invocation
1547 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1550 @@ -14096,7 +14078,7 @@
1554 -@node mktemp invocation
1556 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1559 @@ -14271,7 +14253,7 @@
1563 -@node realpath invocation
1565 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1568 @@ -14463,14 +14445,14 @@
1569 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1572 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1573 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1574 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1575 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1576 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1577 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1578 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1579 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1583 -@node pwd invocation
1585 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1588 @@ -14517,7 +14499,7 @@
1592 -@node stty invocation
1594 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1597 @@ -15259,7 +15241,7 @@
1601 -@node printenv invocation
1603 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1606 @@ -15294,7 +15276,7 @@
1610 -@node tty invocation
1612 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1615 @@ -15344,16 +15326,16 @@
1616 logins, groups, and so forth.
1619 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1620 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1621 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1622 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1623 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1624 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1625 +* id:: Print user identity.
1626 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1627 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1628 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1629 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1630 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1634 -@node id invocation
1636 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1639 @@ -15460,7 +15442,7 @@
1643 -@node logname invocation
1645 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1648 @@ -15481,7 +15463,7 @@
1652 -@node whoami invocation
1654 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1657 @@ -15497,7 +15479,7 @@
1661 -@node groups invocation
1663 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1666 @@ -15524,7 +15506,7 @@
1670 -@node users invocation
1672 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1675 @@ -15559,7 +15541,7 @@
1679 -@node who invocation
1681 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1684 @@ -15722,16 +15704,14 @@
1688 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1689 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1690 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1691 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1692 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1693 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1694 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1695 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1696 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1697 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1698 +* uname:: Print system information.
1699 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1702 -@node date invocation
1704 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1707 @@ -16459,7 +16439,7 @@
1711 -@node arch invocation
1713 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1716 @@ -16482,7 +16462,7 @@
1720 -@node nproc invocation
1722 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1725 @@ -16521,7 +16501,7 @@
1729 -@node uname invocation
1731 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1734 @@ -16651,35 +16631,7 @@
1738 -@node hostname invocation
1739 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1742 -@cindex setting the hostname
1743 -@cindex printing the hostname
1744 -@cindex system name, printing
1745 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1747 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1748 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1749 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1753 -hostname [@var{name}]
1756 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1759 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1760 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1761 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1766 -@node hostid invocation
1768 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1771 @@ -16707,44 +16659,6 @@
1775 -@node uptime invocation
1776 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1779 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1781 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1782 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1784 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1785 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1786 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1787 -the default setting).
1789 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1790 -@xref{Common options}.
1792 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1796 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1799 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1800 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1801 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1802 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1803 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1804 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1806 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1807 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1808 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1809 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1813 @node SELinux context
1814 @chapter SELinux context
1816 @@ -16756,11 +16670,11 @@
1820 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1821 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1822 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1823 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1826 -@node chcon invocation
1828 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1831 @@ -16863,7 +16777,7 @@
1835 -@node runcon invocation
1837 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1840 @@ -16955,16 +16869,16 @@
1844 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1845 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1846 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1847 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1848 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1849 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1850 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1851 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1852 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1853 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1854 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1855 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1859 -@node chroot invocation
1861 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1864 @@ -17080,7 +16994,7 @@
1868 -@node env invocation
1870 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1873 @@ -17698,7 +17612,7 @@
1877 -@node nice invocation
1879 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1882 @@ -17829,7 +17743,7 @@
1886 -@node nohup invocation
1888 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1891 @@ -17903,7 +17817,7 @@
1895 -@node stdbuf invocation
1897 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1900 @@ -17997,7 +17911,7 @@
1904 -@node timeout invocation
1906 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1909 @@ -18094,90 +18008,6 @@
1913 -@node Process control
1914 -@chapter Process control
1916 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1917 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1920 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1924 -@node kill invocation
1925 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1928 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1930 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1931 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1932 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1935 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1936 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1939 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1941 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1942 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1943 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1944 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1945 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1947 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1948 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1949 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1950 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1951 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1952 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1953 -value of @var{pid}.
1955 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1956 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1959 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1960 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1961 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1962 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1971 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1972 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1974 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1975 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1976 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1977 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1978 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1979 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1980 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1981 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1982 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1983 -and if there is no output error.
1985 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1986 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1988 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1989 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1990 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1991 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1992 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1993 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1994 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1995 -signal names and numbers.
2000 @@ -18187,11 +18017,11 @@
2001 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
2004 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
2005 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
2009 -@node sleep invocation
2011 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
2014 @@ -18241,13 +18071,13 @@
2015 These programs do numerically-related operations.
2018 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
2019 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
2020 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2021 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
2022 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
2023 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2027 -@node factor invocation
2029 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2032 @@ -18305,7 +18135,7 @@
2036 -@node numfmt invocation
2038 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2041 @@ -18645,7 +18475,7 @@
2045 -@node seq invocation
2047 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2050 @@ -18817,7 +18647,7 @@
2051 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2052 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2053 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2054 -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2055 +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2056 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2058 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: