1 --- coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2011-01-01 22:19:23.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.9/doc/coreutils.texi 2011-01-09 12:28:09.837901529 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 -* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options.
12 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
13 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
14 +* Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options
15 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
16 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
19 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
20 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
21 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
27 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
28 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
29 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
30 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
31 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
32 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
33 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
34 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
35 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
36 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
41 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
42 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
44 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
45 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
58 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
59 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
60 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
66 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
67 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
70 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
71 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
72 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
73 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
75 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
76 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
84 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
85 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
86 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
87 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
88 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
89 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
90 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
91 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
92 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
93 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
94 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
95 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
96 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
97 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
98 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
99 -* su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID.
100 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
101 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
102 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
103 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
104 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
105 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
106 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
107 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
108 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
109 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
110 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
111 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
112 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
113 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
114 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
115 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
116 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
117 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
118 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
119 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
120 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
121 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
122 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
123 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
124 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
125 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
126 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
127 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
128 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
129 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
130 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change file permissions
131 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners/groups
132 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
133 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
134 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
135 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
136 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
137 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
138 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
139 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
140 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
141 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
142 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
143 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
144 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
145 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
146 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
147 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
148 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
149 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
150 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
151 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
152 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
153 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
154 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
155 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
156 +* hostname: (coreutils)hostname. Print or set system name
157 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
158 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
159 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
160 +* kill: (coreutils)kill. Send a signal to processes
161 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
162 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
163 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
164 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
165 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
166 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
167 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
168 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
169 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
170 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
171 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
172 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
173 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
174 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
175 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
176 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
177 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
178 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
179 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
180 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
181 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
182 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
183 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
184 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
185 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
186 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
187 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
188 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
189 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
190 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
191 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
192 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
193 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
194 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
195 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
196 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
197 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
198 +* su: (coreutils)su. Modify user and group ID
199 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
200 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
201 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
202 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
203 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
204 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
205 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
206 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
207 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
208 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
209 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
210 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
211 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
212 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
213 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
214 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
215 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
216 +* uptime: (coreutils)uptime. Print uptime and load
217 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
218 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
219 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
220 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
221 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
222 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
227 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp
228 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
229 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
230 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
231 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
232 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
233 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout
234 -* Process control:: kill
236 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
237 * File permissions:: Access modes
238 @@ -228,42 +219,42 @@
240 Output of entire files
242 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
243 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
244 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
245 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
246 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
247 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
248 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
249 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
250 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
251 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
253 Formatting file contents
255 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
256 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
257 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
258 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
259 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
260 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
262 Output of parts of files
264 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
265 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
266 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
267 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
268 +* head:: Output the first part of files
269 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
270 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
271 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
275 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
276 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
277 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
278 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
279 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
280 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
281 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
282 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
283 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
284 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
285 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
287 Operating on sorted files
289 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
290 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
291 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
292 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
293 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
294 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
295 +* sort:: Sort text files
296 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
297 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
298 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
299 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
300 +* tsort:: Topological sort
302 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
304 @@ -275,15 +266,15 @@
308 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
309 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
310 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
311 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
312 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
313 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
315 Operating on characters
317 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
318 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
319 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
320 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
321 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
322 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
324 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
326 @@ -293,10 +284,10 @@
330 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
331 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
332 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
333 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
334 +* ls:: List directory contents
335 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
336 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
337 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
339 @command{ls}: List directory contents
341 @@ -309,51 +300,51 @@
345 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
346 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
347 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
348 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
349 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
350 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
351 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
352 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
353 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
354 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
355 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
356 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
360 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
361 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
362 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
363 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
364 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
365 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
366 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
367 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
368 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
369 +* ln:: Make links between files
370 +* mkdir:: Make directories
371 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
372 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
373 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
374 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
375 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
377 Changing file attributes
379 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
380 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
381 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
382 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
383 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
384 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
385 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
386 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
390 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
391 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
392 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
393 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
394 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
395 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
396 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
397 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
398 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
399 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
403 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
404 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
405 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
406 +* echo:: Print a line of text
407 +* printf:: Format and print data
408 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
412 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
413 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
414 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
415 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
416 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
417 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
418 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
419 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
421 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
423 @@ -372,21 +363,21 @@
427 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
428 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
430 File name manipulation
432 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
433 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
434 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
435 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
436 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
437 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
438 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
439 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
443 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
444 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
445 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
446 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
447 +* pwd:: Print working directory
448 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
449 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
450 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
452 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
454 @@ -400,22 +391,20 @@
458 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
459 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
460 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
461 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
462 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
463 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
464 +* id:: Print user identity
465 +* logname:: Print current login name
466 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
467 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
468 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
469 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
473 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
474 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
475 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
476 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
477 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
478 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
479 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
480 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
481 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
482 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
483 +* uname:: Print system information
484 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
486 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
488 @@ -430,31 +419,27 @@
492 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
493 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
494 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
495 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
497 Modified command invocation
499 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
500 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
501 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
502 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
503 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
504 -* su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
505 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
509 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
510 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
511 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
512 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
513 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
514 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
515 +* su:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
516 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
521 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
525 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
526 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
527 +* factor:: Print prime factors
528 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
532 @@ -1443,14 +1428,14 @@
536 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
537 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
538 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
539 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
540 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
541 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
542 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
543 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
544 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
545 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
548 -@node cat invocation
550 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
553 @@ -1550,7 +1535,7 @@
557 -@node tac invocation
559 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
562 @@ -1599,7 +1584,7 @@
568 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
571 @@ -1762,7 +1747,7 @@
577 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
580 @@ -2016,7 +2001,7 @@
584 -@node base64 invocation
586 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
589 @@ -2084,13 +2069,13 @@
590 These commands reformat the contents of files.
593 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
594 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
595 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
596 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
597 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
598 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
602 -@node fmt invocation
604 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
607 @@ -2189,7 +2174,7 @@
613 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
616 @@ -2329,7 +2314,7 @@
618 @cindex formatting times
619 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
620 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}.
621 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date}.
622 Except for directives, which start with
623 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
624 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
625 @@ -2556,7 +2541,7 @@
629 -@node fold invocation
631 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
634 @@ -2623,13 +2608,13 @@
635 These commands output pieces of the input.
638 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
639 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
640 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
641 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
642 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
643 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
644 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
645 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
648 -@node head invocation
650 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
653 @@ -2706,7 +2691,7 @@
657 -@node tail invocation
659 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
662 @@ -2922,7 +2907,7 @@
666 -@node split invocation
668 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
671 @@ -3112,7 +3097,7 @@
675 -@node csplit invocation
677 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
680 @@ -3303,16 +3288,16 @@
684 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
685 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
686 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
687 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
688 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
689 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
690 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
691 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
692 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
693 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
694 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
700 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
703 @@ -3430,7 +3415,7 @@
707 -@node sum invocation
709 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
712 @@ -3481,7 +3466,7 @@
716 -@node cksum invocation
718 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
721 @@ -3515,7 +3500,7 @@
725 -@node md5sum invocation
727 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
730 @@ -3643,7 +3628,7 @@
734 -@node sha1sum invocation
736 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
739 @@ -3655,7 +3640,7 @@
741 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
742 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
743 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
744 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
746 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
747 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
748 @@ -3695,7 +3680,7 @@
749 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
750 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
751 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
752 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
755 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
756 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
757 @@ -3710,16 +3695,16 @@
758 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
761 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
762 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
763 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
764 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
765 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
766 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
767 +* sort:: Sort text files.
768 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
769 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
770 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
771 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
772 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
776 -@node sort invocation
778 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
781 @@ -4008,7 +3993,7 @@
782 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
783 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
784 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
785 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
786 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
787 except that keys with the same value sort together.
789 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
790 @@ -4196,7 +4181,7 @@
791 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
792 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
793 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
794 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
795 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
799 @@ -4214,7 +4199,7 @@
800 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
801 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
802 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
803 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
804 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
806 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
808 @@ -4437,7 +4422,7 @@
812 -@node shuf invocation
814 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
817 @@ -4567,7 +4552,7 @@
821 -@node uniq invocation
823 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
826 @@ -4589,7 +4574,7 @@
827 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
828 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
829 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
830 -@xref{sort invocation}.
834 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
835 @@ -4716,7 +4701,7 @@
839 -@node comm invocation
841 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
844 @@ -4792,7 +4777,7 @@
848 -@node ptx invocation
850 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
853 @@ -5249,7 +5234,7 @@
857 -@node tsort invocation
859 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
862 @@ -5411,13 +5396,13 @@
863 @chapter Operating on fields
866 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
867 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
868 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
869 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
870 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
871 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
875 -@node cut invocation
877 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
880 @@ -5522,7 +5507,7 @@
884 -@node paste invocation
886 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
889 @@ -5592,7 +5577,7 @@
893 -@node join invocation
895 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
898 @@ -5757,13 +5742,13 @@
899 This commands operate on individual characters.
902 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
903 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
904 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
905 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
906 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
907 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
913 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
916 @@ -6142,7 +6127,7 @@
920 -@node expand invocation
922 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
925 @@ -6195,7 +6180,7 @@
929 -@node unexpand invocation
931 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
934 @@ -6256,14 +6241,14 @@
935 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
938 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
939 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
940 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
941 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
942 +* ls:: List directory contents.
944 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
945 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
951 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
954 @@ -7101,7 +7086,7 @@
957 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
958 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
959 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
960 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
961 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
962 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
963 @@ -7293,7 +7278,7 @@
967 -@node dir invocation
969 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
972 @@ -7303,10 +7288,10 @@
973 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
974 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
976 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
977 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
980 -@node vdir invocation
982 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
985 @@ -7316,7 +7301,7 @@
986 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
987 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
989 -@node dircolors invocation
991 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
994 @@ -7403,16 +7388,16 @@
995 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
998 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
999 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1000 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1001 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1002 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1003 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1005 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1006 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1007 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1008 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1009 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1013 -@node cp invocation
1015 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1018 @@ -7861,7 +7846,7 @@
1022 -@node dd invocation
1024 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1027 @@ -8226,7 +8211,7 @@
1031 -@node install invocation
1033 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1036 @@ -8407,7 +8392,7 @@
1040 -@node mv invocation
1042 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1045 @@ -8538,7 +8523,7 @@
1049 -@node rm invocation
1051 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1054 @@ -8693,7 +8678,7 @@
1058 -@node shred invocation
1060 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1063 @@ -8703,7 +8688,7 @@
1064 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1065 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1067 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1068 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1069 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1070 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1071 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1072 @@ -8936,18 +8921,18 @@
1073 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1076 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1077 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1078 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1079 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1080 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1081 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1082 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1083 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1084 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1085 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1086 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1087 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1088 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1089 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1090 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1091 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1095 -@node link invocation
1097 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1100 @@ -8960,7 +8945,7 @@
1101 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1102 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1103 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1104 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1105 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1109 @@ -8986,7 +8971,7 @@
1113 -@node ln invocation
1115 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1118 @@ -9215,7 +9200,7 @@
1122 -@node mkdir invocation
1124 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1127 @@ -9294,7 +9279,7 @@
1131 -@node mkfifo invocation
1133 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1136 @@ -9341,7 +9326,7 @@
1140 -@node mknod invocation
1142 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1145 @@ -9424,7 +9409,7 @@
1149 -@node readlink invocation
1151 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1154 @@ -9520,7 +9505,7 @@
1158 -@node rmdir invocation
1160 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1163 @@ -9568,12 +9553,12 @@
1167 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1168 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1173 -@node unlink invocation
1175 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1178 @@ -9584,7 +9569,7 @@
1179 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1180 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1181 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1182 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1183 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1186 unlink @var{filename}
1187 @@ -9618,14 +9603,14 @@
1188 These commands change file attributes.
1191 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1192 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1193 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1194 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1195 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1196 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1197 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1198 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1202 -@node chown invocation
1204 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1207 @@ -9843,7 +9828,7 @@
1211 -@node chgrp invocation
1213 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1216 @@ -9966,7 +9951,7 @@
1220 -@node chmod invocation
1222 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1225 @@ -10066,7 +10051,7 @@
1229 -@node touch invocation
1231 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1234 @@ -10243,15 +10228,15 @@
1235 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1238 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1239 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1240 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1241 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1242 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1243 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1244 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1245 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1246 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1247 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1251 -@node df invocation
1253 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1256 @@ -10464,7 +10449,7 @@
1257 @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}.
1260 -@node du invocation
1262 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1265 @@ -10662,7 +10647,7 @@
1268 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1269 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1270 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1271 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1272 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1273 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1274 @@ -10730,7 +10715,7 @@
1278 -@node stat invocation
1280 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1283 @@ -10914,7 +10899,7 @@
1287 -@node sync invocation
1289 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1292 @@ -10941,7 +10926,7 @@
1296 -@node truncate invocation
1298 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1301 @@ -11017,13 +11002,13 @@
1302 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1305 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1306 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1307 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1308 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1309 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1310 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1314 -@node echo invocation
1316 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1319 @@ -11110,12 +11095,12 @@
1320 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1321 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1322 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1323 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1324 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1329 -@node printf invocation
1331 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1334 @@ -11264,7 +11249,7 @@
1338 -@node yes invocation
1340 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1343 @@ -11295,14 +11280,14 @@
1347 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1348 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1349 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1350 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1351 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1352 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1353 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1354 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1358 -@node false invocation
1360 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1363 @@ -11332,7 +11317,7 @@
1364 non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
1367 -@node true invocation
1369 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1372 @@ -11368,7 +11353,7 @@
1373 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1374 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1376 -@node test invocation
1378 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1381 @@ -11696,7 +11681,7 @@
1385 -@node expr invocation
1387 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1390 @@ -11973,11 +11958,11 @@
1391 it's described here.
1394 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1395 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1399 -@node tee invocation
1401 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1404 @@ -12138,14 +12123,14 @@
1405 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1408 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1409 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1410 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1411 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1412 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1413 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1414 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1415 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1419 -@node basename invocation
1421 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1424 @@ -12199,7 +12184,7 @@
1428 -@node dirname invocation
1430 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1433 @@ -12244,7 +12229,7 @@
1437 -@node pathchk invocation
1439 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1442 @@ -12320,7 +12305,7 @@
1446 -@node mktemp invocation
1448 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1451 @@ -12506,14 +12491,14 @@
1452 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1455 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1456 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1457 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1458 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1459 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1460 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1461 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1462 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1466 -@node pwd invocation
1468 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1471 @@ -12560,7 +12545,7 @@
1475 -@node stty invocation
1477 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1480 @@ -13244,7 +13229,7 @@
1484 -@node printenv invocation
1486 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1489 @@ -13279,7 +13264,7 @@
1493 -@node tty invocation
1495 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1498 @@ -13329,16 +13314,16 @@
1499 logins, groups, and so forth.
1502 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1503 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1504 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1505 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1506 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1507 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1508 +* id:: Print user identity.
1509 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1510 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1511 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1512 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1513 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1517 -@node id invocation
1519 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1522 @@ -13424,7 +13409,7 @@
1524 @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
1526 -@node logname invocation
1528 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1531 @@ -13445,7 +13430,7 @@
1535 -@node whoami invocation
1537 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1540 @@ -13461,7 +13446,7 @@
1544 -@node groups invocation
1546 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1549 @@ -13489,7 +13474,7 @@
1553 -@node users invocation
1555 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1558 @@ -13520,7 +13505,7 @@
1562 -@node who invocation
1564 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1567 @@ -13679,16 +13664,14 @@
1571 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1572 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1573 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1574 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1575 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1576 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1577 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1578 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1579 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1580 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1581 +* uname:: Print system information.
1582 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1585 -@node date invocation
1587 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1590 @@ -14321,7 +14304,7 @@
1594 -@node arch invocation
1596 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1599 @@ -14341,7 +14324,7 @@
1603 -@node nproc invocation
1605 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1608 @@ -14378,7 +14361,7 @@
1612 -@node uname invocation
1614 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1617 @@ -14508,31 +14491,7 @@
1621 -@node hostname invocation
1622 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1625 -@cindex setting the hostname
1626 -@cindex printing the hostname
1627 -@cindex system name, printing
1628 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1630 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1631 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1632 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1636 -hostname [@var{name}]
1639 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1645 -@node hostid invocation
1647 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1650 @@ -14556,37 +14515,6 @@
1654 -@node uptime invocation
1655 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1658 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1660 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1661 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1663 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1664 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1665 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1666 -the default setting).
1668 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1669 -@xref{Common options}.
1671 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1675 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1678 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1679 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1680 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1681 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1682 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1683 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1685 @node SELinux context
1686 @chapter SELinux context
1688 @@ -14598,11 +14526,11 @@
1692 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1693 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1694 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1695 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1698 -@node chcon invocation
1700 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1703 @@ -14689,7 +14617,7 @@
1707 -@node runcon invocation
1709 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1712 @@ -14774,17 +14702,17 @@
1716 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1717 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1718 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1719 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1720 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1721 -* su invocation:: Modify user and group ID.
1722 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1723 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1724 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1725 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1726 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1727 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1728 +* su:: Modify user and group ID.
1729 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1733 -@node chroot invocation
1735 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1738 @@ -14872,7 +14800,7 @@
1742 -@node env invocation
1744 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1747 @@ -15022,7 +14950,7 @@
1751 -@node nice invocation
1753 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1756 @@ -15145,7 +15073,7 @@
1760 -@node nohup invocation
1762 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1765 @@ -15218,7 +15146,7 @@
1769 -@node stdbuf invocation
1771 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1774 @@ -15297,7 +15225,7 @@
1778 -@node su invocation
1780 @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID
1783 @@ -15454,7 +15382,7 @@
1784 might find this idea strange at first.
1787 -@node timeout invocation
1789 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1792 @@ -15515,89 +15443,6 @@
1796 -@node Process control
1797 -@chapter Process control
1799 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1800 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1803 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1807 -@node kill invocation
1808 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1811 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1813 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1814 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1815 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1818 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1819 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1822 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1824 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1825 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1826 -is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1827 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1828 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1830 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1831 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1832 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1833 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1834 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1835 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1836 -value of @var{pid}.
1838 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1839 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1842 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1843 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1844 -@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1845 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1854 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1855 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1857 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1858 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1859 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1860 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1861 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1862 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1863 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1864 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1865 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1866 -and if there is no output error.
1868 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1869 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1871 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1872 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1873 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1874 -@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1875 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1876 -ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported
1877 -signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}.
1882 @@ -15607,11 +15452,11 @@
1883 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1886 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1887 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1891 -@node sleep invocation
1893 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1896 @@ -15662,12 +15507,12 @@
1897 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1900 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1901 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1902 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1903 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1907 -@node factor invocation
1909 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1912 @@ -15723,7 +15568,7 @@
1916 -@node seq invocation
1918 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences