1 --- coreutils-9.4/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2023-08-29 13:39:27.000000000 +0200
2 +++ coreutils-9.4/doc/coreutils.texi 2023-08-29 23:57:13.945034048 +0200
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
26 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
27 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
28 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
29 -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
87 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
88 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
89 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
91 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
92 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
93 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
95 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
96 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
97 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
99 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
100 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
101 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
102 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
103 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
104 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage.
105 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
109 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
110 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
113 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
114 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
118 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
119 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
120 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
121 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
123 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
124 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
125 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
126 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
127 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name.
128 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
129 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data.
130 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data.
131 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix.
132 +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data.
133 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files.
134 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files.
135 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups.
136 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions.
137 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups.
138 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory.
139 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
140 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line.
141 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files.
142 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context.
143 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines.
144 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time.
145 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file.
146 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage.
147 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly.
148 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls.
149 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component.
150 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage.
151 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text.
152 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment.
153 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces.
154 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions.
155 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
156 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
157 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text.
158 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines.
159 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in.
160 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files.
161 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier.
162 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity.
163 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes.
164 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field.
165 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files.
166 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files.
167 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name.
168 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents.
169 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests.
170 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories.
171 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
172 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files.
173 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files.
174 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files.
175 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness.
176 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files.
177 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups.
178 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors.
179 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers.
180 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
181 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files.
182 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability.
183 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files.
184 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables.
185 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data.
186 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes.
187 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory.
188 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink.
189 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names.
190 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files.
191 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories.
192 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
193 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
194 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
195 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
196 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely.
197 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files.
198 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time.
199 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files.
200 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces.
201 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status.
202 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering.
203 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings.
204 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum.
205 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage.
206 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files.
207 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files.
208 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files.
209 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests.
210 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit.
211 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps.
212 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters.
213 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully.
214 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file.
215 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort.
216 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name.
217 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information.
218 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs.
219 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files.
220 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2).
221 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names.
222 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely.
223 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts.
224 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in.
225 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID.
226 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely.
230 @@ -205,10 +194,9 @@ Free Documentation License''.
231 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
232 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
233 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
234 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
235 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
236 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
237 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
238 -* Process control:: kill
240 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
241 * File permissions:: Access modes
242 @@ -240,45 +228,45 @@ Common Options
244 Output of entire files
246 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
247 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
248 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
249 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
250 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
251 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
252 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
253 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
254 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
255 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
256 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
257 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
258 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
259 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
261 Formatting file contents
263 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
264 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
266 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
267 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
268 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
270 Output of parts of files
272 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
273 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
274 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
275 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
276 +* head:: Output the first part of files
277 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
278 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
279 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
283 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
284 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
285 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
286 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
287 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
288 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
289 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
290 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
291 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
292 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
293 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
294 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
295 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
297 Operating on sorted files
299 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
300 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
301 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
302 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
303 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
304 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
305 +* sort:: Sort text files
306 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
307 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
308 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
309 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
310 +* tsort:: Topological sort
312 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
314 @@ -290,15 +278,15 @@ Operating on sorted files
318 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
319 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
320 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
321 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
322 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
323 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
325 Operating on characters
327 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
330 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
331 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
332 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
334 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
336 @@ -308,10 +296,10 @@ Operating on characters
340 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
341 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
342 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
343 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
344 +* ls:: List directory contents
345 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
346 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
347 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
349 @command{ls}: List directory contents
351 @@ -323,51 +311,51 @@ Directory listing
355 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
356 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
357 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
358 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
359 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
360 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
361 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
362 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
363 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
364 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
365 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
366 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
370 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
372 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
373 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
375 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
377 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
378 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
379 +* ln:: Make links between files
380 +* mkdir:: Make directories
381 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
382 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
383 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
384 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
385 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
387 Changing file attributes
389 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
390 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
391 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
392 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
393 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
394 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
395 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
396 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
400 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage
401 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
402 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
403 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
404 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 +* df:: Report file system space usage
406 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
407 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
408 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
409 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
413 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
414 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
415 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
416 +* echo:: Print a line of text
417 +* printf:: Format and print data
418 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
422 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
423 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
424 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
425 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
426 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
427 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
428 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
429 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
431 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
433 @@ -386,22 +374,22 @@ Conditions
437 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
438 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
440 File name manipulation
442 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
443 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
444 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
445 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
446 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
447 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
448 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
449 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
450 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
451 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
455 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
456 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
457 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
458 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
459 +* pwd:: Print working directory
460 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
461 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
462 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
464 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
466 @@ -415,22 +403,20 @@ Working context
470 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
471 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
472 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
473 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
474 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
475 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
476 +* id:: Print user identity
477 +* logname:: Print current login name
478 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
479 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
480 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
481 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
485 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
486 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
487 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
488 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
489 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
490 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
491 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
492 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
493 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
494 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
495 +* uname:: Print system information
496 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
498 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
500 @@ -445,31 +431,27 @@ System context
504 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
505 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
507 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
509 Modified command invocation
511 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
512 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
513 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
514 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
515 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
516 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
521 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
522 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
523 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
524 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
525 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
526 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
530 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
531 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
535 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
536 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
537 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
538 +* factor:: Print prime factors
539 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
540 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
544 @@ -1623,16 +1605,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil
548 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
549 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
550 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
551 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
552 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
553 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
554 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
555 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
556 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
557 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
558 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
559 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
560 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
561 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
564 -@node cat invocation
566 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
569 @@ -1734,7 +1716,7 @@ cat
573 -@node tac invocation
575 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
578 @@ -1792,7 +1774,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]'
584 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
587 @@ -1960,7 +1942,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num
593 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
596 @@ -2226,7 +2208,7 @@ address.
600 -@node base32 invocation
602 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
605 @@ -2236,11 +2218,11 @@ address.
606 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
607 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
608 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
609 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
610 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
611 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
612 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
615 -@node base64 invocation
617 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
620 @@ -2261,7 +2243,7 @@ The base32 encoding expands data to roug
621 The format conforms to
622 @uref{https://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc4648, RFC 4648}.
624 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
625 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
627 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
629 @@ -2302,7 +2284,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded.
633 -@node basenc invocation
635 @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
638 @@ -2323,7 +2305,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required.
639 @command{basenc} reads from standard input.
640 The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
641 @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
642 -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
643 +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
646 Supported @var{encoding}s are:
647 @@ -2438,13 +2420,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf -
648 These commands reformat the contents of files.
651 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
652 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
653 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
654 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
655 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
656 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
660 -@node fmt invocation
662 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
665 @@ -2548,7 +2530,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged.
671 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
674 @@ -2658,7 +2640,7 @@ Double space the output.
676 @cindex formatting times
677 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
678 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
679 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
680 Except for directives, which start with
681 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
682 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
683 @@ -2888,7 +2870,7 @@ line is never truncated.
687 -@node fold invocation
689 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
692 @@ -2955,13 +2937,13 @@ instead.
693 These commands output pieces of the input.
696 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
697 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
698 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
699 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
700 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
701 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
702 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
703 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
706 -@node head invocation
708 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
711 @@ -3040,7 +3022,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa
715 -@node tail invocation
717 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
720 @@ -3293,7 +3275,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta
724 -@node split invocation
726 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
729 @@ -3550,7 +3532,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k
733 -@node csplit invocation
735 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
738 @@ -3770,17 +3752,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe
742 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
743 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
744 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
745 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
746 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
747 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
748 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
749 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
750 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
751 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
752 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
753 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
754 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
760 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
763 @@ -3931,7 +3913,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 |
767 -@node sum invocation
769 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
772 @@ -3980,7 +3962,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli
776 -@node cksum invocation
778 @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums
781 @@ -4027,7 +4009,7 @@ The 32-bit CRC used is based on the poly
782 for CRC error checking in the ISO/IEC 8802-3:1996 standard (Ethernet).
783 Similar output formats are used for the other legacy checksums
784 selectable with @option{--algorithm=sysv} or @option{--algorithm=bsd},
785 -detailed at @ref{sum invocation}.
786 +detailed at @ref{sum}.
788 @item Tagged output format
789 With the @option{--algorithm} option selecting non legacy checksums,
790 @@ -4273,7 +4255,7 @@ exit nonzero after all warnings have bee
791 Also file name escaping is not used.
794 -@node md5sum invocation
796 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
799 @@ -4296,7 +4278,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at
800 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
801 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
802 consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
803 -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
804 +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
808 @@ -4320,7 +4302,7 @@ The program accepts @ref{cksum common op
812 -@node b2sum invocation
814 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
817 @@ -4342,7 +4324,7 @@ In addition @command{b2sum} supports the
821 -@node sha1sum invocation
823 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
826 @@ -4400,16 +4382,16 @@ collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes.
827 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
830 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
831 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
832 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
833 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
834 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
835 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
836 +* sort:: Sort text files.
837 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
838 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
839 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
840 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
841 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
845 -@node sort invocation
847 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
850 @@ -4705,7 +4687,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of
851 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
852 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
853 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
854 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
855 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
856 except that keys with the same value sort together.
858 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
859 @@ -4904,7 +4886,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel
860 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
861 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
862 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
863 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
864 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
868 @@ -4922,7 +4904,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so
869 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
870 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
871 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
872 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
873 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
876 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
877 @@ -5138,7 +5120,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2
881 -@node shuf invocation
883 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
886 @@ -5294,7 +5276,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail
890 -@node uniq invocation
892 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
895 @@ -5316,7 +5298,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe
896 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
897 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
898 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
899 -@xref{sort invocation}.
903 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
904 @@ -5482,7 +5464,7 @@ compared.
908 -@node comm invocation
910 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
913 @@ -5598,7 +5580,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb
917 -@node ptx invocation
919 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
922 @@ -6088,7 +6070,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}.
926 -@node tsort invocation
928 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
931 @@ -6250,13 +6232,13 @@ in different ways.
932 @chapter Operating on fields
935 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
936 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
937 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
938 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
939 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
940 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
944 -@node cut invocation
946 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
949 @@ -6381,7 +6363,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a
953 -@node paste invocation
955 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
958 @@ -6479,7 +6461,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2
962 -@node join invocation
964 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
967 @@ -7011,13 +6993,13 @@ entire lines as the key.
968 These commands operate on individual characters.
971 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
972 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
973 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
974 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
975 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
976 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
982 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
985 @@ -7440,7 +7422,7 @@ tr -d -- -axM
989 -@node expand invocation
991 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
994 @@ -7509,7 +7491,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces.
998 -@node unexpand invocation
1000 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
1003 @@ -7572,14 +7554,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls}
1004 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
1007 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
1008 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
1009 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
1010 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1011 +* ls:: List directory contents.
1012 +* dir:: Briefly ls.
1013 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1014 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1018 -@node ls invocation
1020 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1023 @@ -8495,7 +8477,7 @@ be one of the following:
1026 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1027 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1028 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1029 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1030 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1031 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1032 @@ -8696,7 +8678,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1036 -@node dir invocation
1038 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1041 @@ -8706,10 +8688,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1042 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1043 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1045 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1046 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1049 -@node vdir invocation
1051 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1054 @@ -8719,9 +8701,9 @@ and special characters are represented b
1055 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1056 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1058 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1059 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1061 -@node dircolors invocation
1063 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1066 @@ -8814,16 +8796,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for
1067 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1070 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1071 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1072 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1073 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1074 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1075 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1077 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1078 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1079 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1080 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1081 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1085 -@node cp invocation
1087 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1090 @@ -9356,7 +9338,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres
1094 -@node dd invocation
1096 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1099 @@ -9666,7 +9648,7 @@ If neither this nor @samp{fsync} are spe
1100 usual with file systems, i.e., output data and metadata may be cached
1101 in primary memory for some time before the operating system physically
1102 writes it, and thus output data and metadata may be lost if power is lost.
1103 -@xref{sync invocation}.
1105 This conversion is a GNU extension to POSIX.
1108 @@ -9945,7 +9927,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1112 -@node install invocation
1114 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1117 @@ -10129,7 +10111,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t
1121 -@node mv invocation
1123 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1126 @@ -10284,7 +10266,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati
1130 -@node rm invocation
1132 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1135 @@ -10450,7 +10432,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1139 -@node shred invocation
1141 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1144 @@ -10460,7 +10442,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1145 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1146 extensive forensics from recovering the data.
1148 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
1149 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
1150 and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
1151 entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
1152 process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
1153 @@ -10747,18 +10729,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file
1154 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1157 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1158 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1159 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1160 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1161 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1162 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1163 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1164 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1165 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1166 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1167 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1168 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1169 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1170 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1171 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1172 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1176 -@node link invocation
1178 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1181 @@ -10771,7 +10753,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1182 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1183 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1184 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1185 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1186 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1190 @@ -10797,7 +10779,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired.
1194 -@node ln invocation
1196 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1199 @@ -10985,7 +10967,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp
1200 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1201 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1202 links in these file names will be resolved.
1203 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1204 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1205 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1208 @@ -11062,7 +11044,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile
1212 -@node mkdir invocation
1214 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1217 @@ -11140,7 +11122,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo
1221 -@node mkfifo invocation
1223 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1226 @@ -11181,7 +11163,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions
1230 -@node mknod invocation
1232 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1235 @@ -11258,7 +11240,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo
1239 -@node readlink invocation
1241 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1244 @@ -11282,7 +11264,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu
1245 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1246 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1247 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
1248 -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1249 +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1253 @@ -11357,7 +11339,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o
1257 -@node rmdir invocation
1259 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1262 @@ -11404,7 +11386,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re
1266 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1267 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1269 To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including
1270 directories that become empty because other directories are removed,
1271 @@ -11421,7 +11403,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec
1275 -@node unlink invocation
1277 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1280 @@ -11432,7 +11414,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1281 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1282 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1283 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1284 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1285 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1288 unlink @var{filename}
1289 @@ -11466,14 +11448,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll
1290 These commands change file attributes.
1293 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1294 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1295 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1296 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1297 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1298 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1299 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1300 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1304 -@node chown invocation
1306 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1309 @@ -11701,7 +11683,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1313 -@node chgrp invocation
1315 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1318 @@ -11710,7 +11692,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1320 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1321 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1322 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1323 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1327 @@ -11829,7 +11811,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u
1331 -@node chmod invocation
1333 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1336 @@ -11951,7 +11933,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir
1340 -@node touch invocation
1342 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1345 @@ -12126,15 +12108,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available,
1346 file status information, and write buffers to file systems.
1349 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage.
1350 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1351 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1352 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1353 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1354 +* df:: Report file system space usage.
1355 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1356 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1357 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1358 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1362 -@node df invocation
1364 @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage
1367 @@ -12442,7 +12424,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @
1368 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1371 -@node du invocation
1373 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1376 @@ -12701,7 +12683,7 @@ be one of the following:
1379 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1380 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1381 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1382 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1383 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As
1384 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1385 @@ -12797,7 +12779,7 @@ underlying devices.
1389 -@node stat invocation
1391 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1394 @@ -13039,7 +13021,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R
1398 -@node sync invocation
1400 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1403 @@ -13099,7 +13081,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us
1407 -@node truncate invocation
1409 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1412 @@ -13176,13 +13158,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its
1413 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1416 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1417 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1418 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1419 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1420 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1421 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1425 -@node echo invocation
1427 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1430 @@ -13205,7 +13187,7 @@ strings cannot be passed to @command{ech
1431 It is therefore not advisable to use @command{echo} for printing unknown or
1432 variable arguments. The @command{printf} command is recommended as a more
1433 portable and flexible replacement for tasks historically performed by
1434 -@command{echo}. @xref{printf invocation}.
1435 +@command{echo}. @xref{printf}.
1437 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
1438 Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument
1439 @@ -13280,12 +13262,12 @@ POSIX does not require support for any o
1440 that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any
1441 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}.
1442 Portable programs should use the @command{printf} command instead.
1443 -@xref{printf invocation}.
1449 -@node printf invocation
1451 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1454 @@ -13447,7 +13429,7 @@ Options must precede operands.
1458 -@node yes invocation
1460 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1463 @@ -13478,14 +13460,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements,
1467 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1468 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1469 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1470 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1471 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1472 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1473 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1474 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1478 -@node false invocation
1480 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1483 @@ -13515,7 +13497,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that
1487 -@node true invocation
1489 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1492 @@ -13551,7 +13533,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem
1493 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1494 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1496 -@node test invocation
1498 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1501 @@ -13922,7 +13904,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2
1505 -@node expr invocation
1507 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1510 @@ -14199,11 +14181,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep
1511 it's described here.
1514 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1515 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1519 -@node tee invocation
1521 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1524 @@ -14419,15 +14401,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \
1525 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1528 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1529 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1530 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1531 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1532 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1533 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1534 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1535 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1536 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1537 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1541 -@node basename invocation
1543 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1546 @@ -14509,7 +14491,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ
1550 -@node dirname invocation
1552 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1555 @@ -14562,7 +14544,7 @@ dirname stdio.h
1559 -@node pathchk invocation
1561 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1564 @@ -14638,7 +14620,7 @@ Exit status:
1568 -@node mktemp invocation
1570 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1573 @@ -14813,7 +14795,7 @@ Exit status:
1577 -@node realpath invocation
1579 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1582 @@ -15005,14 +14987,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc
1583 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1586 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1587 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1588 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1589 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1590 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1591 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1592 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1593 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1597 -@node pwd invocation
1599 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1602 @@ -15059,7 +15041,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1606 -@node stty invocation
1608 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1611 @@ -15803,7 +15785,7 @@ or
1615 -@node printenv invocation
1617 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1620 @@ -15838,7 +15820,7 @@ Exit status:
1624 -@node tty invocation
1626 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1629 @@ -15888,16 +15870,16 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1630 logins, groups, and so forth.
1633 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1634 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1635 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1636 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1637 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1638 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1639 +* id:: Print user identity.
1640 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1641 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1642 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1643 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1644 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1648 -@node id invocation
1650 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1653 @@ -16004,7 +15986,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so
1657 -@node logname invocation
1659 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1662 @@ -16025,7 +16007,7 @@ options}.
1666 -@node whoami invocation
1668 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name
1671 @@ -16041,7 +16023,7 @@ options}.
1675 -@node groups invocation
1677 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1680 @@ -16068,7 +16050,7 @@ options}.
1684 -@node users invocation
1686 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1689 @@ -16103,7 +16085,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non-
1693 -@node who invocation
1695 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1698 @@ -16266,16 +16248,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1702 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1703 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1704 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1705 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1706 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1707 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1708 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1709 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1710 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1711 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1712 +* uname:: Print system information.
1713 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1716 -@node date invocation
1718 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1721 @@ -17049,7 +17029,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000'
1725 -@node arch invocation
1727 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1730 @@ -17072,7 +17052,7 @@ not rely on its existence.
1734 -@node nproc invocation
1736 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1739 @@ -17111,7 +17091,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o
1743 -@node uname invocation
1745 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1748 @@ -17241,35 +17221,7 @@ Print the kernel version.
1752 -@node hostname invocation
1753 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1756 -@cindex setting the hostname
1757 -@cindex printing the hostname
1758 -@cindex system name, printing
1759 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1761 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1762 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1763 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1767 -hostname [@var{name}]
1770 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1773 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1774 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1775 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1780 -@node hostid invocation
1782 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1785 @@ -17297,44 +17249,6 @@ existence.
1789 -@node uptime invocation
1790 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1793 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1795 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1796 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1798 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1799 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1800 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1801 -the default setting).
1803 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1804 -@xref{Common options}.
1806 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1810 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1813 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1814 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1815 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1816 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1817 -those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel
1818 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1820 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1821 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1822 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1823 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1827 @node SELinux context
1828 @chapter SELinux context
1830 @@ -17346,11 +17260,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper
1834 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1835 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1836 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1837 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1840 -@node chcon invocation
1842 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1845 @@ -17453,7 +17367,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu
1849 -@node runcon invocation
1851 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1854 @@ -17546,16 +17460,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi
1858 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1859 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1860 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1861 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1862 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1863 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1864 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1865 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1866 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1867 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1868 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1869 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1873 -@node chroot invocation
1875 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1878 @@ -17671,7 +17585,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1882 -@node env invocation
1884 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1887 @@ -18293,7 +18207,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon
1891 -@node nice invocation
1893 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1896 @@ -18424,7 +18338,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice
1900 -@node nohup invocation
1902 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1905 @@ -18498,7 +18412,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna
1909 -@node stdbuf invocation
1911 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1914 @@ -18592,7 +18506,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1918 -@node timeout invocation
1920 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1923 @@ -18728,90 +18642,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN
1924 timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20
1927 -@node Process control
1928 -@chapter Process control
1930 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1931 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1934 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1938 -@node kill invocation
1939 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1942 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1944 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1945 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1946 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1949 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1950 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1953 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1955 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1956 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1957 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1958 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1959 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1961 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1962 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1963 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1964 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1965 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1966 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1967 -value of @var{pid}.
1969 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1970 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1973 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1974 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1975 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1976 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1985 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1986 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1988 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1989 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1990 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1991 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1992 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1993 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1994 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1995 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1996 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1997 -and if there is no output error.
1999 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
2000 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
2002 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
2003 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
2004 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
2005 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
2006 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
2007 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
2008 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
2009 -signal names and numbers.
2014 @@ -18821,11 +18651,11 @@ signal names and numbers.
2015 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
2018 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
2019 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
2023 -@node sleep invocation
2025 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
2028 @@ -18888,13 +18718,13 @@ options}.
2029 These programs do numerically-related operations.
2032 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
2033 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
2034 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2035 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
2036 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
2037 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2041 -@node factor invocation
2043 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2046 @@ -18959,7 +18789,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot
2050 -@node numfmt invocation
2052 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2055 @@ -19312,7 +19142,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma
2059 -@node seq invocation
2061 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2064 @@ -19487,7 +19317,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim
2065 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2066 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2067 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2068 -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2069 +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2070 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2072 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: