1 --- coreutils-9.5/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2024-03-24 18:51:06.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-9.5/doc/coreutils.texi 2024-03-28 22:13:57.040433328 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
26 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
27 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
28 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
29 -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. Print information about users.
83 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
84 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
85 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
86 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
87 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
88 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
89 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
90 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
91 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
92 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
93 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
94 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
95 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
96 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
97 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
98 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
99 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
100 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
101 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
102 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
103 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
104 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
105 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage.
106 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
107 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
108 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
109 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
110 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
111 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
112 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
113 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
114 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
115 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
116 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
117 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
118 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
119 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
120 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
121 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
122 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
123 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
124 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
125 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
126 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
127 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
128 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name.
129 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
130 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data.
131 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data.
132 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix.
133 +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data.
134 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files.
135 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files.
136 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups.
137 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions.
138 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups.
139 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory.
140 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
141 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line.
142 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files.
143 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context.
144 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines.
145 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time.
146 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file.
147 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage.
148 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly.
149 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls.
150 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component.
151 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage.
152 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text.
153 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment.
154 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces.
155 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions.
156 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
157 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
158 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text.
159 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines.
160 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in.
161 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files.
162 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier.
163 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity.
164 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes.
165 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field.
166 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files.
167 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files.
168 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name.
169 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents.
170 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests.
171 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories.
172 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
173 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files.
174 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files.
175 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files.
176 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness.
177 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files.
178 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups.
179 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors.
180 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers.
181 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
182 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files.
183 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability.
184 +* pinky: (coreutils)pinky. Print information about users.
185 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files.
186 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables.
187 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data.
188 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes.
189 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory.
190 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink.
191 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names.
192 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files.
193 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories.
194 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
195 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
196 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
197 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
198 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely.
199 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files.
200 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time.
201 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files.
202 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces.
203 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status.
204 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering.
205 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings.
206 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum.
207 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage.
208 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files.
209 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files.
210 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files.
211 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests.
212 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit.
213 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps.
214 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters.
215 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully.
216 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file.
217 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort.
218 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name.
219 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information.
220 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs.
221 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files.
222 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2).
223 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names.
224 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely.
225 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts.
226 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in.
227 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID.
228 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely.
232 @@ -206,10 +195,9 @@ Free Documentation License''.
233 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
234 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
235 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
236 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
237 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
238 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
239 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
240 -* Process control:: kill
242 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
243 * File permissions:: Access modes
244 @@ -241,45 +229,45 @@ Common Options
246 Output of entire files
248 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
249 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
250 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
251 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
252 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
253 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
254 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
255 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
256 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
257 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
258 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
259 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
260 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
261 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
263 Formatting file contents
265 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
266 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
267 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
268 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
269 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
270 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
272 Output of parts of files
274 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
275 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
276 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
277 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
278 +* head:: Output the first part of files
279 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
280 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
281 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
285 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
286 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
287 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
288 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
289 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
290 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
291 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
292 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
293 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
294 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
295 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
296 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
297 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
299 Operating on sorted files
301 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
302 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
303 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
304 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
305 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
306 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
307 +* sort:: Sort text files
308 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
309 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
310 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
311 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
312 +* tsort:: Topological sort
314 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
316 @@ -291,15 +279,15 @@ Operating on sorted files
320 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
321 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
322 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
323 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
324 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
325 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
327 Operating on characters
329 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
330 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
331 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
332 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
333 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
334 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
336 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
338 @@ -309,10 +297,10 @@ Operating on characters
342 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
343 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
344 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
345 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
346 +* ls:: List directory contents
347 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
348 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
349 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
351 @command{ls}: List directory contents
353 @@ -324,51 +312,51 @@ Directory listing
357 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
358 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
359 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
360 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
361 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
362 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
363 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
364 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
365 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
366 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
367 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
368 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
372 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
373 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
374 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
375 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
376 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
377 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
378 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
379 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
380 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
381 +* ln:: Make links between files
382 +* mkdir:: Make directories
383 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
384 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
385 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
386 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
387 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
389 Changing file attributes
391 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
392 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
393 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
394 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
395 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
396 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
397 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
398 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
402 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage
403 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
404 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
405 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
406 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
407 +* df:: Report file system space usage
408 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
409 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
410 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
411 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
415 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
416 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
417 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
418 +* echo:: Print a line of text
419 +* printf:: Format and print data
420 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
424 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
425 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
426 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
427 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
428 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
429 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
430 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
431 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
433 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
435 @@ -387,22 +375,22 @@ Conditions
439 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
440 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
442 File name manipulation
444 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
445 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
446 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
447 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
448 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
449 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
450 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
451 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
452 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
453 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
457 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
458 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
459 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
460 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
461 +* pwd:: Print working directory
462 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
463 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
464 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
466 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
468 @@ -416,23 +404,21 @@ Working context
472 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
473 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
474 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
475 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
476 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
477 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
478 -* pinky invocation:: Print information about users
479 +* id:: Print user identity
480 +* logname:: Print current login name
481 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
482 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
483 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
484 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
485 +* pinky:: Print information about users
489 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
490 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
491 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
492 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
493 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
494 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
495 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
496 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
497 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
498 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
499 +* uname:: Print system information
500 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
502 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
504 @@ -447,31 +433,27 @@ System context
508 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
509 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
510 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
511 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
513 Modified command invocation
515 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
516 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
517 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
518 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
519 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
520 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
524 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
525 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
526 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
527 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
528 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
529 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
530 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
534 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
535 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
539 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
540 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
541 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
542 +* factor:: Print prime factors
543 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
544 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
548 @@ -1628,16 +1610,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil
552 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
553 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
554 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
555 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
556 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
557 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
558 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
559 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
560 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
561 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
562 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
563 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
564 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
565 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
568 -@node cat invocation
570 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
573 @@ -1739,7 +1721,7 @@ cat
577 -@node tac invocation
579 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
582 @@ -1797,7 +1779,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]'
588 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
591 @@ -1965,7 +1947,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num
597 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
600 @@ -2237,7 +2219,7 @@ address.
604 -@node base32 invocation
606 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
609 @@ -2247,11 +2229,11 @@ address.
610 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
611 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
612 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
613 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
614 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
615 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
616 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
619 -@node base64 invocation
621 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
624 @@ -2272,7 +2254,7 @@ The base32 encoding expands data to roug
625 The format conforms to
626 @uref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4648/, RFC 4648}.
628 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
629 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
631 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
633 @@ -2313,7 +2295,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded.
637 -@node basenc invocation
639 @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
642 @@ -2334,7 +2316,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required.
643 @command{basenc} reads from standard input.
644 The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
645 @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
646 -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
647 +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
650 Supported @var{encoding}s are:
651 @@ -2449,13 +2431,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf -
652 These commands reformat the contents of files.
655 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
656 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
657 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
658 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
659 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
660 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
664 -@node fmt invocation
666 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
669 @@ -2559,7 +2541,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged.
675 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
678 @@ -2671,7 +2653,7 @@ Double space the output.
680 @cindex formatting times
681 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
682 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
683 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
684 Except for directives, which start with
685 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
686 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
687 @@ -2901,7 +2883,7 @@ line is never truncated.
691 -@node fold invocation
693 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
696 @@ -2968,13 +2950,13 @@ instead.
697 These commands output pieces of the input.
700 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
701 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
702 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
703 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
704 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
705 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
706 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
707 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
710 -@node head invocation
712 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
715 @@ -3053,7 +3035,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa
719 -@node tail invocation
721 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
724 @@ -3307,7 +3289,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta
728 -@node split invocation
730 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
733 @@ -3564,7 +3546,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k
737 -@node csplit invocation
739 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
742 @@ -3784,17 +3766,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe
746 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
747 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
748 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
749 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
750 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
751 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
752 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
753 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
754 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
755 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
756 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
757 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
758 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
764 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
767 @@ -3955,7 +3937,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 |
771 -@node sum invocation
773 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
776 @@ -4004,7 +3986,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli
780 -@node cksum invocation
782 @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums
785 @@ -4052,7 +4034,7 @@ The 32-bit CRC used is based on the poly
786 for CRC error checking in the ISO/IEC 8802-3:1996 standard (Ethernet).
787 Similar output formats are used for the other legacy checksums
788 selectable with @option{--algorithm=sysv} or @option{--algorithm=bsd},
789 -detailed at @ref{sum invocation}.
790 +detailed at @ref{sum}.
792 @item Tagged output format
793 With the @option{--algorithm} option selecting non legacy checksums,
794 @@ -4302,7 +4284,7 @@ exit nonzero after all warnings have bee
795 Also file name escaping is not used.
798 -@node md5sum invocation
800 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
803 @@ -4325,7 +4307,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at
804 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
805 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
806 consider using SHA-2 or @command{b2sum}.
807 -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
808 +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
812 @@ -4349,7 +4331,7 @@ The program accepts @ref{cksum common op
816 -@node b2sum invocation
818 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
821 @@ -4371,7 +4353,7 @@ In addition @command{b2sum} supports the
825 -@node sha1sum invocation
827 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
830 @@ -4429,16 +4411,16 @@ collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes.
831 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
834 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
835 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
836 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
837 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
838 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
839 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
840 +* sort:: Sort text files.
841 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
842 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
843 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
844 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
845 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
849 -@node sort invocation
851 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
854 @@ -4737,7 +4719,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of
855 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
856 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
857 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
858 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
859 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
860 except that keys with the same value sort together.
862 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
863 @@ -4936,7 +4918,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel
864 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
865 to 8, as performance gains diminish after that.
866 Using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
867 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
868 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
872 @@ -4954,7 +4936,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so
873 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
874 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
875 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
876 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
877 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
880 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
881 @@ -5170,7 +5152,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2
885 -@node shuf invocation
887 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
890 @@ -5326,7 +5308,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail
894 -@node uniq invocation
896 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
899 @@ -5348,7 +5330,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe
900 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
901 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
902 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
903 -@xref{sort invocation}.
907 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
908 @@ -5514,7 +5496,7 @@ compared.
912 -@node comm invocation
914 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
917 @@ -5630,7 +5612,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb
921 -@node ptx invocation
923 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
926 @@ -6120,7 +6102,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}.
930 -@node tsort invocation
932 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
935 @@ -6282,13 +6264,13 @@ in different ways.
936 @chapter Operating on fields
939 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
940 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
941 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
942 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
943 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
944 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
948 -@node cut invocation
950 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
953 @@ -6413,7 +6395,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a
957 -@node paste invocation
959 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
962 @@ -6511,7 +6493,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2
966 -@node join invocation
968 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
971 @@ -7043,13 +7025,13 @@ entire lines as the key.
972 These commands operate on individual characters.
975 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
976 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
977 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
978 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
979 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
980 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
986 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
989 @@ -7472,7 +7454,7 @@ tr -d -- -axM
993 -@node expand invocation
995 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
998 @@ -7541,7 +7523,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces.
1002 -@node unexpand invocation
1004 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
1007 @@ -7604,14 +7586,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls}
1008 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
1011 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
1012 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
1013 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
1014 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1015 +* ls:: List directory contents.
1016 +* dir:: Briefly ls.
1017 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1018 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1022 -@node ls invocation
1024 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1027 @@ -8531,7 +8513,7 @@ be one of the following:
1030 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1031 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1032 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1033 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1034 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1035 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1036 @@ -8732,7 +8714,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1040 -@node dir invocation
1042 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1045 @@ -8742,10 +8724,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1046 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1047 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1049 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1050 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1053 -@node vdir invocation
1055 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1058 @@ -8755,9 +8737,9 @@ and special characters are represented b
1059 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1060 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1062 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1063 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1065 -@node dircolors invocation
1067 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1070 @@ -8850,16 +8832,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for
1071 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1074 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1075 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1076 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1077 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1078 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1079 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1081 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1082 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1083 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1084 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1085 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1089 -@node cp invocation
1091 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1094 @@ -9399,7 +9381,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres
1098 -@node dd invocation
1100 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1103 @@ -9709,7 +9691,7 @@ If neither this nor @samp{fsync} are spe
1104 usual with file systems, i.e., output data and metadata may be cached
1105 in primary memory for some time before the operating system physically
1106 writes it, and thus output data and metadata may be lost if power is lost.
1107 -@xref{sync invocation}.
1109 This conversion is a GNU extension to POSIX.
1112 @@ -9987,7 +9969,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1116 -@node install invocation
1118 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1121 @@ -10171,7 +10153,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t
1125 -@node mv invocation
1127 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1130 @@ -10354,7 +10336,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati
1134 -@node rm invocation
1136 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1139 @@ -10520,7 +10502,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1143 -@node shred invocation
1145 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1148 @@ -10530,7 +10512,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1149 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1150 extensive forensics from recovering the data.
1152 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
1153 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
1154 and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
1155 entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
1156 process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
1157 @@ -10817,18 +10799,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file
1158 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1161 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1162 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1163 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1164 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1165 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1166 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1167 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1168 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1169 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1170 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1171 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1172 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1173 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1174 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1175 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1176 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1180 -@node link invocation
1182 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1185 @@ -10841,7 +10823,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1186 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1187 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1188 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1189 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1190 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1194 @@ -10867,7 +10849,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired.
1198 -@node ln invocation
1200 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1203 @@ -11055,7 +11037,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp
1204 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1205 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1206 links in these file names will be resolved.
1207 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1208 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1209 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1212 @@ -11132,7 +11114,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile
1216 -@node mkdir invocation
1218 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1221 @@ -11210,7 +11192,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo
1225 -@node mkfifo invocation
1227 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1230 @@ -11251,7 +11233,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions
1234 -@node mknod invocation
1236 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1239 @@ -11328,7 +11310,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo
1243 -@node readlink invocation
1245 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1248 @@ -11352,7 +11334,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu
1249 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1250 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1251 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. The @command{realpath} command is the
1252 -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1253 +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1257 @@ -11427,7 +11409,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o
1261 -@node rmdir invocation
1263 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1266 @@ -11474,7 +11456,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re
1270 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1271 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1273 To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including
1274 directories that become empty because other directories are removed,
1275 @@ -11491,7 +11473,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec
1279 -@node unlink invocation
1281 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1284 @@ -11502,7 +11484,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1285 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1286 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1287 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1288 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1289 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1292 unlink @var{filename}
1293 @@ -11536,14 +11518,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll
1294 These commands change file attributes.
1297 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1298 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1299 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1300 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1301 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1302 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1303 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1304 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1308 -@node chown invocation
1310 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1313 @@ -11775,7 +11757,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1317 -@node chgrp invocation
1319 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1322 @@ -11784,7 +11766,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1324 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1325 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1326 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1327 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1331 @@ -11886,7 +11868,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u
1335 -@node chmod invocation
1337 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1340 @@ -12037,7 +12019,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir
1344 -@node touch invocation
1346 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1349 @@ -12212,15 +12194,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available,
1350 file status information, and write buffers to file systems.
1353 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage.
1354 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1355 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1356 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1357 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1358 +* df:: Report file system space usage.
1359 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1360 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1361 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1362 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1366 -@node df invocation
1368 @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage
1371 @@ -12528,7 +12510,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @
1372 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1375 -@node du invocation
1377 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1380 @@ -12787,7 +12769,7 @@ be one of the following:
1383 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1384 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1385 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1386 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1387 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As
1388 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1389 @@ -12883,7 +12865,7 @@ underlying devices.
1393 -@node stat invocation
1395 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1398 @@ -13125,7 +13107,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R
1402 -@node sync invocation
1404 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1407 @@ -13185,7 +13167,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us
1411 -@node truncate invocation
1413 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1416 @@ -13262,13 +13244,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its
1417 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1420 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1421 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1422 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1423 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1424 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1425 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1429 -@node echo invocation
1431 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1434 @@ -13291,7 +13273,7 @@ strings cannot be passed to @command{ech
1435 It is therefore not advisable to use @command{echo} for printing unknown or
1436 variable arguments. The @command{printf} command is recommended as a more
1437 portable and flexible replacement for tasks historically performed by
1438 -@command{echo}. @xref{printf invocation}.
1439 +@command{echo}. @xref{printf}.
1441 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
1442 Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument
1443 @@ -13366,12 +13348,12 @@ POSIX does not require support for any o
1444 that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any
1445 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}.
1446 Portable programs should use the @command{printf} command instead.
1447 -@xref{printf invocation}.
1453 -@node printf invocation
1455 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1458 @@ -13533,7 +13515,7 @@ Options must precede operands.
1462 -@node yes invocation
1464 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1467 @@ -13564,14 +13546,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements,
1471 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1472 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1473 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1474 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1475 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1476 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1477 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1478 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1482 -@node false invocation
1484 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1487 @@ -13601,7 +13583,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that
1491 -@node true invocation
1493 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1496 @@ -13637,7 +13619,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem
1497 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1498 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1500 -@node test invocation
1502 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1505 @@ -14006,7 +13988,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2
1509 -@node expr invocation
1511 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1514 @@ -14283,11 +14265,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep
1515 it's described here.
1518 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1519 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1523 -@node tee invocation
1525 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1528 @@ -14503,15 +14485,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \
1529 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1532 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1533 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1534 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1535 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1536 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1537 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1538 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1539 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1540 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1541 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1545 -@node basename invocation
1547 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1550 @@ -14593,7 +14575,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ
1554 -@node dirname invocation
1556 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1559 @@ -14646,7 +14628,7 @@ dirname stdio.h
1563 -@node pathchk invocation
1565 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1568 @@ -14722,7 +14704,7 @@ Exit status:
1572 -@node mktemp invocation
1574 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1577 @@ -14897,7 +14879,7 @@ Exit status:
1581 -@node realpath invocation
1583 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1586 @@ -15089,14 +15071,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc
1587 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1590 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1591 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1592 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1593 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1594 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1595 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1596 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1597 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1601 -@node pwd invocation
1603 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1606 @@ -15143,7 +15125,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1610 -@node stty invocation
1612 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1615 @@ -15887,7 +15869,7 @@ or
1619 -@node printenv invocation
1621 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1624 @@ -15922,7 +15904,7 @@ Exit status:
1628 -@node tty invocation
1630 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1633 @@ -15972,17 +15954,17 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1634 logins, groups, and so forth.
1637 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1638 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1639 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1640 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1641 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1642 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1643 -* pinky invocation:: Print information about users.
1644 +* id:: Print user identity.
1645 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1646 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1647 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1648 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1649 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1650 +* pinky:: Print information about users.
1654 -@node id invocation
1656 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1659 @@ -16089,7 +16071,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so
1663 -@node logname invocation
1665 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1668 @@ -16110,7 +16092,7 @@ options}.
1672 -@node whoami invocation
1674 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name
1677 @@ -16126,7 +16108,7 @@ options}.
1681 -@node groups invocation
1683 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1686 @@ -16153,7 +16135,7 @@ options}.
1690 -@node users invocation
1692 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1695 @@ -16188,7 +16170,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non-
1699 -@node who invocation
1701 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1704 @@ -16342,7 +16324,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non-
1708 -@node pinky invocation
1710 @section @command{pinky}: Print information about users
1712 @command{pinky} is a lightweight implementation of the @command{finger} command.
1713 @@ -16417,16 +16399,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1717 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1718 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1719 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1720 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1721 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1722 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1723 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1724 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1725 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1726 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1727 +* uname:: Print system information.
1728 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1731 -@node date invocation
1733 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1736 @@ -17200,7 +17180,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000'
1740 -@node arch invocation
1742 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1745 @@ -17223,7 +17203,7 @@ not rely on its existence.
1749 -@node nproc invocation
1751 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1754 @@ -17262,7 +17242,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o
1758 -@node uname invocation
1760 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1763 @@ -17392,35 +17372,7 @@ Print the kernel version.
1767 -@node hostname invocation
1768 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1771 -@cindex setting the hostname
1772 -@cindex printing the hostname
1773 -@cindex system name, printing
1774 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1776 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1777 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1778 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1782 -hostname [@var{name}]
1785 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1788 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1789 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1790 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1795 -@node hostid invocation
1797 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1800 @@ -17448,44 +17400,6 @@ existence.
1804 -@node uptime invocation
1805 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1808 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1810 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1811 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1813 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1814 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1815 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1816 -the default setting).
1818 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1819 -@xref{Common options}.
1821 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1825 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1828 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1829 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1830 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1831 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1832 -those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel
1833 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1835 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1836 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1837 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1838 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1842 @node SELinux context
1843 @chapter SELinux context
1845 @@ -17497,11 +17411,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper
1849 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1850 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1851 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1852 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1855 -@node chcon invocation
1857 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1860 @@ -17604,7 +17518,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu
1864 -@node runcon invocation
1866 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1869 @@ -17697,16 +17611,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi
1873 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1874 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1875 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1876 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1877 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1878 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1879 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1880 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1881 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1882 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1883 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1884 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1888 -@node chroot invocation
1890 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1893 @@ -17822,7 +17736,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1897 -@node env invocation
1899 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1902 @@ -18451,7 +18365,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon
1906 -@node nice invocation
1908 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1911 @@ -18582,7 +18496,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice
1915 -@node nohup invocation
1917 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1920 @@ -18656,7 +18570,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna
1924 -@node stdbuf invocation
1926 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1929 @@ -18752,7 +18666,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1933 -@node timeout invocation
1935 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1938 @@ -18888,90 +18802,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN
1939 timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20
1942 -@node Process control
1943 -@chapter Process control
1945 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1946 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1949 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1953 -@node kill invocation
1954 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1957 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1959 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1960 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1961 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1964 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1965 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1968 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1970 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1971 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1972 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1973 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1974 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1976 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1977 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1978 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1979 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1980 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1981 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1982 -value of @var{pid}.
1984 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1985 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1988 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1989 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1990 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1991 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
2000 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
2001 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
2003 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
2004 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
2005 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
2006 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
2007 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
2008 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
2009 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
2010 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
2011 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
2012 -and if there is no output error.
2014 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
2015 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
2017 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
2018 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
2019 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
2020 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
2021 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
2022 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
2023 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
2024 -signal names and numbers.
2029 @@ -18981,11 +18811,11 @@ signal names and numbers.
2030 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
2033 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
2034 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
2038 -@node sleep invocation
2040 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
2043 @@ -19048,13 +18878,13 @@ options}.
2044 These programs do numerically-related operations.
2047 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
2048 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
2049 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2050 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
2051 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
2052 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2056 -@node factor invocation
2058 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2061 @@ -19119,7 +18949,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot
2065 -@node numfmt invocation
2067 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2070 @@ -19475,7 +19305,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma
2074 -@node seq invocation
2076 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2079 @@ -19650,7 +19480,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim
2080 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2081 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2082 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2083 -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2084 +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2085 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2087 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: