1 --- coreutils-9.2/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2023-03-13 19:08:10.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-9.2/doc/coreutils.texi 2023-03-24 12:19:31.822135178 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
26 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
27 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
28 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
29 -* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation. Encoding/decoding of data.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report file usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
87 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
88 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
89 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
91 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
92 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
93 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
95 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
96 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
97 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
99 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
100 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
101 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
102 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
103 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
104 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Sync files to stable storage.
105 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
109 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
110 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
113 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
114 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
118 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
119 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
120 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
121 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
123 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
124 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
125 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
126 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
127 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name.
128 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
129 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data.
130 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data.
131 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix.
132 +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc. Encoding/decoding of data.
133 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files.
134 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files.
135 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups.
136 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions.
137 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups.
138 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory.
139 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
140 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line.
141 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files.
142 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context.
143 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines.
144 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time.
145 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file.
146 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system usage.
147 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly.
148 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls.
149 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component.
150 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report file usage.
151 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text.
152 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment.
153 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces.
154 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions.
155 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
156 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
157 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text.
158 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines.
159 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in.
160 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files.
161 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier.
162 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity.
163 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes.
164 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field.
165 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files.
166 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files.
167 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name.
168 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents.
169 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests.
170 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories.
171 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
172 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files.
173 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files.
174 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files.
175 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness.
176 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files.
177 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups.
178 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors.
179 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers.
180 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
181 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files.
182 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability.
183 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files.
184 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables.
185 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data.
186 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes.
187 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory.
188 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink.
189 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names.
190 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files.
191 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories.
192 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
193 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
194 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
195 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
196 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely.
197 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files.
198 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time.
199 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files.
200 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces.
201 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status.
202 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering.
203 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings.
204 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum.
205 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Sync files to stable storage.
206 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files.
207 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files.
208 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files.
209 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests.
210 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit.
211 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps.
212 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters.
213 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully.
214 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file.
215 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort.
216 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name.
217 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information.
218 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs.
219 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files.
220 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2).
221 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names.
222 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely.
223 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts.
224 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in.
225 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID.
226 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely.
230 @@ -205,10 +194,9 @@ Free Documentation License''.
231 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
232 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
233 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
234 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
235 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
236 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
237 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
238 -* Process control:: kill
240 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
241 * File permissions:: Access modes
242 @@ -240,45 +228,45 @@ Common Options
244 Output of entire files
246 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
247 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
248 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
249 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
250 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
251 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
252 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data
253 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
254 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
255 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
256 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
257 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
258 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
259 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data
261 Formatting file contents
263 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
264 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
266 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
267 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
268 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
270 Output of parts of files
272 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
273 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
274 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
275 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
276 +* head:: Output the first part of files
277 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
278 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
279 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
283 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
284 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
285 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
286 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
287 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
288 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
289 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
290 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
291 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
292 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
293 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
294 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
295 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
297 Operating on sorted files
299 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
300 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
301 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
302 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
303 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
304 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
305 +* sort:: Sort text files
306 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
307 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
308 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
309 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
310 +* tsort:: Topological sort
312 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
314 @@ -290,15 +278,15 @@ Operating on sorted files
318 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
319 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
320 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
321 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
322 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
323 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
325 Operating on characters
327 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
330 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
331 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
332 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
334 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
336 @@ -308,10 +296,10 @@ Operating on characters
340 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
341 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
342 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
343 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
344 +* ls:: List directory contents
345 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
346 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
347 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
349 @command{ls}: List directory contents
351 @@ -323,51 +311,51 @@ Directory listing
355 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
356 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
357 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
358 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
359 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
360 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
361 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
362 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
363 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
364 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
365 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
366 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
370 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
372 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
373 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
375 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
377 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
378 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
379 +* ln:: Make links between files
380 +* mkdir:: Make directories
381 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
382 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
383 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
384 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
385 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
387 Changing file attributes
389 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
390 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
391 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
392 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
393 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
394 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
395 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
396 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
400 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage
401 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
402 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
403 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
404 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 +* df:: Report file system space usage
406 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
407 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
408 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
409 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
413 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
414 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
415 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
416 +* echo:: Print a line of text
417 +* printf:: Format and print data
418 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
422 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
423 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
424 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
425 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
426 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
427 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
428 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
429 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
431 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
433 @@ -386,22 +374,22 @@ Conditions
437 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
438 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
440 File name manipulation
442 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
443 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
444 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
445 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
446 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
447 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
448 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
449 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
450 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
451 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
455 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
456 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
457 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
458 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
459 +* pwd:: Print working directory
460 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
461 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
462 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
464 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
466 @@ -415,22 +403,20 @@ Working context
470 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
471 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
472 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
473 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
474 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
475 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
476 +* id:: Print user identity
477 +* logname:: Print current login name
478 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
479 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
480 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
481 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
485 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
486 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
487 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
488 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
489 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
490 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
491 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
492 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
493 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
494 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
495 +* uname:: Print system information
496 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
498 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
500 @@ -445,31 +431,27 @@ System context
504 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
505 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
507 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
509 Modified command invocation
511 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
512 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
513 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
514 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
515 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
516 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
520 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
521 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
522 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
523 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
524 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
525 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
526 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
530 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
531 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
535 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
536 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
537 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
538 +* factor:: Print prime factors
539 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
540 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
544 @@ -1623,16 +1605,16 @@ These commands read and write entire fil
548 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
549 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
550 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
551 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
552 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
553 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
554 -* basenc invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
555 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
556 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
557 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
558 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
559 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
560 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
561 +* basenc:: Transform data into printable data.
564 -@node cat invocation
566 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
569 @@ -1734,7 +1716,7 @@ cat
573 -@node tac invocation
575 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
578 @@ -1792,7 +1774,7 @@ tac -r -s 'x\|[^x]'
584 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
587 @@ -1960,7 +1942,7 @@ Use @var{number} characters for line num
593 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
596 @@ -2226,7 +2208,7 @@ address.
600 -@node base32 invocation
602 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
605 @@ -2236,11 +2218,11 @@ address.
606 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
607 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
608 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
609 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
610 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
611 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
612 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
615 -@node base64 invocation
617 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
620 @@ -2261,7 +2243,7 @@ The base32 encoding expands data to roug
621 The format conforms to
622 @uref{https://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc4648, RFC 4648}.
624 -For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc invocation}.
625 +For more general encoding functionality see @ref{basenc}.
627 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
629 @@ -2302,7 +2284,7 @@ to permit distorted data to be decoded.
633 -@node basenc invocation
635 @section @command{basenc}: Transform data into printable data
638 @@ -2323,7 +2305,7 @@ The @var{encoding} argument is required.
639 @command{basenc} reads from standard input.
640 The @option{-w/--wrap},@option{-i/--ignore-garbage},
641 @option{-d/--decode} options of this command are precisely the same as
642 -for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
643 +for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
646 Supported @var{encoding}s are:
647 @@ -2438,13 +2420,13 @@ $ printf 01010100 | basenc --base2lsbf -
648 These commands reformat the contents of files.
651 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
652 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
653 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
654 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
655 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
656 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
660 -@node fmt invocation
662 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
665 @@ -2548,7 +2530,7 @@ leaving the code unchanged.
671 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
674 @@ -2658,7 +2640,7 @@ Double space the output.
676 @cindex formatting times
677 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
678 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
679 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
680 Except for directives, which start with
681 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
682 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
683 @@ -2888,7 +2870,7 @@ line is never truncated.
687 -@node fold invocation
689 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
692 @@ -2955,13 +2937,13 @@ instead.
693 These commands output pieces of the input.
696 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
697 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
698 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
699 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
700 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
701 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
702 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
703 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
706 -@node head invocation
708 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
711 @@ -3040,7 +3022,7 @@ avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @sa
715 -@node tail invocation
717 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
720 @@ -3291,7 +3273,7 @@ mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{ta
724 -@node split invocation
726 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
729 @@ -3548,7 +3530,7 @@ $ seq 100 > k; split -nl/7/33 k
733 -@node csplit invocation
735 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
738 @@ -3768,17 +3750,17 @@ These commands generate just a few numbe
742 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
743 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
744 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
745 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
746 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
747 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
748 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
749 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
750 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
751 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
752 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
753 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
754 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
760 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
763 @@ -3929,7 +3911,7 @@ find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 |
767 -@node sum invocation
769 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
772 @@ -3978,7 +3960,7 @@ next section) is preferable in new appli
776 -@node cksum invocation
778 @section @command{cksum}: Print and verify file checksums
781 @@ -4010,7 +3992,7 @@ for each file along with the number of b
782 and the file name unless no arguments were given.
784 The same usage and options as the @command{b2sum}
785 -command are supported. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
786 +command are supported. @xref{b2sum}.
787 In addition @command{cksum} supports the following options.
790 @@ -4080,11 +4062,11 @@ This format has the checksum at the star
791 more amenable to further processing by other utilities,
792 especially in combination with the @option{--zero} option.
793 Note this does not identify the digest algorithm used for the checksum.
794 -@xref{md5sum invocation} for details of this format.
795 +@xref{md5sum} for details of this format.
799 -@node b2sum invocation
801 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
804 @@ -4096,7 +4078,7 @@ Note this does not identify the digest a
806 @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
807 @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
808 -command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
809 +command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
810 In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
813 @@ -4111,7 +4093,7 @@ This option is ignored when @option{--ch
814 as the length is automatically determined when checking.
817 -@node md5sum invocation
819 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
822 @@ -4134,7 +4116,7 @@ fingerprint is considered infeasible at
823 to modify certain files, including digital certificates, so that they
824 appear valid when signed with an \hash\ digest. For more secure hashes,
825 consider using SHA-2, or the newer @command{b2sum} command.
826 -@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum invocation}.
827 +@xref{sha2 utilities}. @xref{b2sum}.
831 @@ -4297,7 +4279,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used.
835 -@node sha1sum invocation
837 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
840 @@ -4309,7 +4291,7 @@ Also file name escaping is not used.
842 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
843 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
844 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
845 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
849 @@ -4345,7 +4327,7 @@ various lengths (respectively 224, 256,
850 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
851 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
852 and @command{sha1sum}.
853 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
857 @node Operating on sorted files
858 @@ -4357,16 +4339,16 @@ and @command{sha1sum}.
859 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
862 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
863 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
864 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
865 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
866 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
867 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
868 +* sort:: Sort text files.
869 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
870 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
871 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
872 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
873 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
877 -@node sort invocation
879 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
882 @@ -4662,7 +4644,7 @@ appear earlier in the output instead of
883 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
884 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
885 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
886 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
887 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
888 except that keys with the same value sort together.
890 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
891 @@ -4861,7 +4843,7 @@ Set the number of sorts run in parallel
892 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
893 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
894 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
895 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
896 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
900 @@ -4879,7 +4861,7 @@ The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{so
901 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
902 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
903 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
904 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
905 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
908 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
909 @@ -5095,7 +5077,7 @@ ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2
913 -@node shuf invocation
915 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
918 @@ -5251,7 +5233,7 @@ shuf -r -n 100 -e Head Tail
922 -@node uniq invocation
924 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
927 @@ -5273,7 +5255,7 @@ lines that are not repeated, or all repe
928 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
929 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
930 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
931 -@xref{sort invocation}.
935 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
936 @@ -5439,7 +5421,7 @@ compared.
940 -@node comm invocation
942 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
945 @@ -5555,7 +5537,7 @@ $ comm -12 file1 file2 | wc -l # numb
949 -@node ptx invocation
951 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
954 @@ -6045,7 +6027,7 @@ allowed with System V @command{ptx}.
958 -@node tsort invocation
960 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
963 @@ -6207,13 +6189,13 @@ in different ways.
964 @chapter Operating on fields
967 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
968 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
969 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
970 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
971 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
972 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
976 -@node cut invocation
978 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
981 @@ -6338,7 +6320,7 @@ many fields and want to print all but a
985 -@node paste invocation
987 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
990 @@ -6436,7 +6418,7 @@ $ paste -d '%_' num2 let3 num2
994 -@node join invocation
996 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
999 @@ -6968,13 +6950,13 @@ entire lines as the key.
1000 These commands operate on individual characters.
1003 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
1004 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
1005 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
1006 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
1007 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
1008 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
1012 -@node tr invocation
1014 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
1017 @@ -7397,7 +7379,7 @@ tr -d -- -axM
1021 -@node expand invocation
1023 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
1026 @@ -7466,7 +7448,7 @@ characters) on each line to spaces.
1030 -@node unexpand invocation
1032 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
1035 @@ -7529,14 +7511,14 @@ This chapter describes the @command{ls}
1036 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
1039 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
1040 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
1041 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
1042 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1043 +* ls:: List directory contents.
1044 +* dir:: Briefly ls.
1045 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
1046 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
1050 -@node ls invocation
1052 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
1055 @@ -8452,7 +8434,7 @@ be one of the following:
1058 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1059 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1060 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1061 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1062 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1063 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1064 @@ -8653,7 +8635,7 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1068 -@node dir invocation
1070 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1073 @@ -8663,10 +8645,10 @@ This is the default unless the output is
1074 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1075 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1077 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1078 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1081 -@node vdir invocation
1083 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1086 @@ -8676,9 +8658,9 @@ and special characters are represented b
1087 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1088 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1090 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1091 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1093 -@node dircolors invocation
1095 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1098 @@ -8771,16 +8753,16 @@ This chapter describes the commands for
1099 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1102 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1103 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1104 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1105 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1106 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1107 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1109 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1110 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1111 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1112 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1113 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1117 -@node cp invocation
1119 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1122 @@ -9293,7 +9275,7 @@ option, and overrides the @option{--pres
1126 -@node dd invocation
1128 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1131 @@ -9603,7 +9585,7 @@ If neither this nor @samp{fsync} are spe
1132 usual with file systems, i.e., output data and metadata may be cached
1133 in primary memory for some time before the operating system physically
1134 writes it, and thus output data and metadata may be lost if power is lost.
1135 -@xref{sync invocation}.
1137 This conversion is a GNU extension to POSIX.
1140 @@ -9882,7 +9864,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1144 -@node install invocation
1146 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1149 @@ -10066,7 +10048,7 @@ This option is mutually exclusive with t
1153 -@node mv invocation
1155 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1158 @@ -10217,7 +10199,7 @@ to the system default type for destinati
1162 -@node rm invocation
1164 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1167 @@ -10383,7 +10365,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1171 -@node shred invocation
1173 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1176 @@ -10393,7 +10375,7 @@ predates the development of the @code{ge
1177 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1178 extensive forensics from recovering the data.
1180 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), its data
1181 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), its data
1182 and metadata are not actually destroyed. Only the file's directory
1183 entry is removed, and the file's storage is reclaimed only when no
1184 process has the file open and no other directory entry links to the
1185 @@ -10680,18 +10662,18 @@ Besides directories, other special file
1186 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1189 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1190 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1191 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1192 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1193 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1194 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1195 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1196 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1197 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1198 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1199 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1200 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1201 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1202 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1203 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1204 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1208 -@node link invocation
1210 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1213 @@ -10704,7 +10686,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1214 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1215 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1216 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1217 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1218 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1222 @@ -10730,7 +10712,7 @@ to specify which behavior is desired.
1226 -@node ln invocation
1228 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1231 @@ -10918,7 +10900,7 @@ ln -srv /a/file /tmp
1232 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1233 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1234 links in these file names will be resolved.
1235 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1236 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1237 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1240 @@ -10995,7 +10977,7 @@ ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile
1244 -@node mkdir invocation
1246 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1249 @@ -11073,7 +11055,7 @@ Print a message for each created directo
1253 -@node mkfifo invocation
1255 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1258 @@ -11114,7 +11096,7 @@ permission bits. @xref{File permissions
1262 -@node mknod invocation
1264 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1267 @@ -11191,7 +11173,7 @@ Set the mode of created files to @var{mo
1271 -@node readlink invocation
1273 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1276 @@ -11215,7 +11197,7 @@ of a symbolic link, it produces no outpu
1277 @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given files which contain
1278 no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators
1279 (@file{/}) or symbolic links. Note the @command{realpath} command is the
1280 -preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath invocation}.
1281 +preferred command to use for canonicalization. @xref{realpath}.
1285 @@ -11290,7 +11272,7 @@ The @command{realpath} command without o
1289 -@node rmdir invocation
1291 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1294 @@ -11337,7 +11319,7 @@ Give a diagnostic for each successful re
1298 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1299 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories recursively.
1301 To remove all empty directories under @var{dirname}, including
1302 directories that become empty because other directories are removed,
1303 @@ -11354,7 +11336,7 @@ find @var{dirname} -depth -type d -exec
1307 -@node unlink invocation
1309 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1312 @@ -11365,7 +11347,7 @@ It is a minimalist interface to the syst
1313 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1314 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1315 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1316 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1317 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1320 unlink @var{filename}
1321 @@ -11399,14 +11381,14 @@ timestamps, and other information. Coll
1322 These commands change file attributes.
1325 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1326 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1327 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1328 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1329 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1330 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1331 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1332 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1336 -@node chown invocation
1338 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1341 @@ -11634,7 +11616,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1345 -@node chgrp invocation
1347 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1350 @@ -11643,7 +11625,7 @@ chown -hR root /u
1352 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1353 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1354 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1355 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1359 @@ -11762,7 +11744,7 @@ chgrp -hR staff /u
1363 -@node chmod invocation
1365 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1368 @@ -11884,7 +11866,7 @@ chmod -R a=,+rwX dir
1372 -@node touch invocation
1374 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1377 @@ -12059,15 +12041,15 @@ how much storage is in use or available,
1378 file status information, and write buffers to file systems.
1381 -* df invocation:: Report file system space usage.
1382 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1383 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1384 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1385 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1386 +* df:: Report file system space usage.
1387 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1388 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1389 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1390 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1394 -@node df invocation
1396 @section @command{df}: Report file system space usage
1399 @@ -12375,7 +12357,7 @@ be read and one or more of the options @
1400 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1403 -@node du invocation
1405 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1408 @@ -12634,7 +12616,7 @@ be one of the following:
1411 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1412 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1413 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1414 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1415 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2020-07-21 23:45:56}. As
1416 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1417 @@ -12730,7 +12712,7 @@ underlying devices.
1421 -@node stat invocation
1423 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1426 @@ -12972,7 +12954,7 @@ with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library R
1430 -@node sync invocation
1432 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1435 @@ -13032,7 +13014,7 @@ write barriers, than a global sync(2) us
1439 -@node truncate invocation
1441 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1444 @@ -13109,13 +13091,13 @@ the size of each @var{file} based on its
1445 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1448 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1449 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1450 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1451 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1452 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1453 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1457 -@node echo invocation
1459 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1462 @@ -13138,7 +13120,7 @@ strings cannot be passed to @command{ech
1463 It is therefore not advisable to use @command{echo} for printing unknown or
1464 variable arguments. The @command{printf} command is recommended as a more
1465 portable and flexible replacement for tasks historically performed by
1466 -@command{echo}. @xref{printf invocation}.
1467 +@command{echo}. @xref{printf}.
1469 The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
1470 Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument
1471 @@ -13213,12 +13195,12 @@ POSIX does not require support for any o
1472 that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any
1473 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}.
1474 Portable programs should use the @command{printf} command instead.
1475 -@xref{printf invocation}.
1481 -@node printf invocation
1483 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1486 @@ -13380,7 +13362,7 @@ Options must precede operands.
1490 -@node yes invocation
1492 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1495 @@ -13411,14 +13393,14 @@ condition of shell @code{if} statements,
1499 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1500 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1501 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1502 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1503 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1504 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1505 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1506 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1510 -@node false invocation
1512 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1515 @@ -13448,7 +13430,7 @@ Portable programs should not assume that
1519 -@node true invocation
1521 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1524 @@ -13484,7 +13466,7 @@ This version of @command{true} is implem
1525 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1526 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1528 -@node test invocation
1530 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1533 @@ -13855,7 +13837,7 @@ True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2
1537 -@node expr invocation
1539 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1542 @@ -14132,11 +14114,11 @@ useful redirection is performed by a sep
1543 it's described here.
1546 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1547 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1551 -@node tee invocation
1553 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1556 @@ -14352,15 +14334,15 @@ tar chof - "$tardir" \
1557 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1560 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1561 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1562 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1563 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1564 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1565 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1566 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1567 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1568 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1569 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1573 -@node basename invocation
1575 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1578 @@ -14442,7 +14424,7 @@ basename -a -s .h include/stdio.h includ
1582 -@node dirname invocation
1584 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1587 @@ -14495,7 +14477,7 @@ dirname stdio.h
1591 -@node pathchk invocation
1593 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1596 @@ -14571,7 +14553,7 @@ Exit status:
1600 -@node mktemp invocation
1602 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1605 @@ -14746,7 +14728,7 @@ Exit status:
1609 -@node realpath invocation
1611 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1614 @@ -14938,14 +14920,14 @@ which you are working: the current direc
1615 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1618 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1619 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1620 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1621 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1622 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1623 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1624 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1625 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1629 -@node pwd invocation
1631 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1634 @@ -14992,7 +14974,7 @@ environment variable is set.
1638 -@node stty invocation
1640 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1643 @@ -15736,7 +15718,7 @@ or
1647 -@node printenv invocation
1649 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1652 @@ -15771,7 +15753,7 @@ Exit status:
1656 -@node tty invocation
1658 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1661 @@ -15821,16 +15803,16 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1662 logins, groups, and so forth.
1665 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1666 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1667 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1668 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1669 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1670 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1671 +* id:: Print user identity.
1672 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1673 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1674 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1675 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1676 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1680 -@node id invocation
1682 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1685 @@ -15937,7 +15919,7 @@ database to be consulted afresh, and so
1689 -@node logname invocation
1691 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1694 @@ -15958,7 +15940,7 @@ options}.
1698 -@node whoami invocation
1700 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user name
1703 @@ -15974,7 +15956,7 @@ options}.
1707 -@node groups invocation
1709 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1712 @@ -16001,7 +15983,7 @@ options}.
1716 -@node users invocation
1718 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1721 @@ -16036,7 +16018,7 @@ should not rely on its existence on non-
1725 -@node who invocation
1727 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1730 @@ -16199,16 +16181,14 @@ This section describes commands that pri
1734 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1735 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1736 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1737 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1738 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1739 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1740 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1741 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1742 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1743 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1744 +* uname:: Print system information.
1745 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1748 -@node date invocation
1750 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1753 @@ -16965,7 +16945,7 @@ date --date='2017-01-01 00:00:00 +0000'
1757 -@node arch invocation
1759 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1762 @@ -16988,7 +16968,7 @@ not rely on its existence.
1766 -@node nproc invocation
1768 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1771 @@ -17027,7 +17007,7 @@ If possible, exclude this @var{number} o
1775 -@node uname invocation
1777 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1780 @@ -17157,35 +17137,7 @@ Print the kernel version.
1784 -@node hostname invocation
1785 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1788 -@cindex setting the hostname
1789 -@cindex printing the hostname
1790 -@cindex system name, printing
1791 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1793 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1794 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1795 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1799 -hostname [@var{name}]
1802 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1805 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1806 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1807 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1812 -@node hostid invocation
1814 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1817 @@ -17213,44 +17165,6 @@ existence.
1821 -@node uptime invocation
1822 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1825 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1827 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1828 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1830 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1831 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1832 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1833 -the default setting).
1835 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1836 -@xref{Common options}.
1838 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1842 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1845 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1846 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1847 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1848 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1849 -those processes which are waiting for device I/O). The Linux kernel
1850 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1852 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1853 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1854 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1855 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1859 @node SELinux context
1860 @chapter SELinux context
1862 @@ -17262,11 +17176,11 @@ This section describes commands for oper
1866 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1867 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1868 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1869 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1872 -@node chcon invocation
1874 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1877 @@ -17369,7 +17283,7 @@ Set range @var{range} in the target secu
1881 -@node runcon invocation
1883 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1886 @@ -17462,16 +17376,16 @@ different than the current one: a modifi
1890 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1891 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1892 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1893 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1894 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1895 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1896 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1897 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1898 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1899 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1900 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1901 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1905 -@node chroot invocation
1907 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1910 @@ -17587,7 +17501,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1914 -@node env invocation
1916 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1919 @@ -18209,7 +18123,7 @@ OLDUSER=gordon
1923 -@node nice invocation
1925 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1928 @@ -18340,7 +18254,7 @@ $ sudo nice -n -1 nice
1932 -@node nohup invocation
1934 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1937 @@ -18414,7 +18328,7 @@ If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, interna
1941 -@node stdbuf invocation
1943 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1946 @@ -18508,7 +18422,7 @@ the exit status of @var{command} otherwi
1950 -@node timeout invocation
1952 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1955 @@ -18644,90 +18558,6 @@ timeout -s INT 5s env --ignore-signal=IN
1956 timeout -s INT -k 3s 5s env --ignore-signal=INT sleep 20
1959 -@node Process control
1960 -@chapter Process control
1962 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1963 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1966 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1970 -@node kill invocation
1971 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1974 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1976 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1977 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1978 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1981 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1982 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1985 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1987 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1988 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1989 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1990 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1991 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1993 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1994 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1995 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1996 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1997 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1998 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1999 -value of @var{pid}.
2001 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
2002 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
2005 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
2006 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
2007 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
2008 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
2017 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
2018 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
2020 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
2021 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
2022 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
2023 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
2024 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
2025 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
2026 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
2027 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
2028 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
2029 -and if there is no output error.
2031 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
2032 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
2034 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
2035 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
2036 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
2037 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
2038 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
2039 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
2040 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
2041 -signal names and numbers.
2046 @@ -18737,11 +18567,11 @@ signal names and numbers.
2047 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
2050 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
2051 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
2055 -@node sleep invocation
2057 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
2060 @@ -18804,13 +18634,13 @@ options}.
2061 These programs do numerically-related operations.
2064 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
2065 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
2066 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
2067 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
2068 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
2069 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
2073 -@node factor invocation
2075 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
2078 @@ -18875,7 +18705,7 @@ are the product of two large primes), ot
2082 -@node numfmt invocation
2084 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2087 @@ -19228,7 +19058,7 @@ $ LC_ALL=ta_IN numfmt --from=iec --forma
2091 -@node seq invocation
2093 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences
2096 @@ -19403,7 +19233,7 @@ Naively, a file's atime, mtime, and ctim
2097 whenever you read, write, or change the attributes of the file
2098 respectively, and searching a directory counts as reading it. A
2099 file's atime and mtime can also be set directly, via the
2100 -@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch invocation}). In practice,
2101 +@command{touch} command (@pxref{touch}). In practice,
2102 though, timestamps are not updated quite that way.
2104 For efficiency reasons, many systems are lazy about updating atimes: