1 --- coreutils-8.25/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2016-01-13 12:16:39.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.25/doc/coreutils.texi 2016-01-29 21:28:29.282714525 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
26 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
27 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
28 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
29 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
30 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
31 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
32 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
33 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
34 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
35 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
36 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
41 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
42 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
44 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
45 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
58 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
59 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
60 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
66 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
67 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
70 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
71 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
72 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
73 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
75 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
76 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
77 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
78 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
79 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
80 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
81 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
82 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
83 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
84 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
85 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
86 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
87 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
88 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
89 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
90 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
91 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
92 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
93 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
94 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
95 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
96 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
97 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
98 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
99 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
100 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
101 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
102 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
103 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
104 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
105 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
106 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
107 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
108 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
109 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
110 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
111 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
112 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
113 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
114 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
115 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
116 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
117 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
118 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
119 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
120 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
121 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
122 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
123 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
124 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
125 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
126 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
127 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
128 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
129 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
130 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
131 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
132 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
133 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
134 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
135 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
136 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
137 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
138 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
139 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
140 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
141 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
142 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
143 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
144 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
145 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
146 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
147 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
148 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
149 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
150 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
151 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
152 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
153 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
154 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
155 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
156 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
157 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
158 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
159 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
160 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
161 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
162 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
163 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
164 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
165 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
166 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
167 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
168 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
169 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
170 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
171 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
172 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
173 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
174 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
175 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
176 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
177 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
178 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
179 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
180 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
181 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
182 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
183 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
184 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
185 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
186 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
187 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
188 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
189 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
190 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
191 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests
192 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
193 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
194 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
195 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
196 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
197 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
198 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
199 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
200 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
201 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
202 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
203 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
204 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
205 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
206 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
207 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
208 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
209 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
210 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
211 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
212 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
213 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
214 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
215 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
216 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
217 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
218 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
219 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
220 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
221 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
222 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
227 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
228 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
229 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
230 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
231 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
232 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
233 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
234 -* Process control:: kill
236 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
237 * File permissions:: Access modes
238 @@ -234,43 +222,43 @@
240 Output of entire files
242 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
243 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
244 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
245 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
246 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
247 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
248 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
249 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
250 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
251 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
252 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
253 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
255 Formatting file contents
257 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
258 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
259 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
260 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
261 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
262 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
264 Output of parts of files
266 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
267 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
268 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
269 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
270 +* head:: Output the first part of files
271 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
272 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
273 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
277 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
278 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
279 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
280 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
281 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
282 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
283 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
284 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
285 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
286 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
287 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
289 Operating on sorted files
291 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
292 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
293 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
294 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
295 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
296 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
297 +* sort:: Sort text files
298 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
299 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
300 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
301 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
302 +* tsort:: Topological sort
304 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
306 @@ -282,15 +270,15 @@
310 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
311 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
312 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
313 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
314 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
315 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
317 Operating on characters
319 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
320 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
321 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
322 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
323 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
324 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
326 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 @@ -300,10 +288,10 @@
332 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
333 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
334 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
335 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
336 +* ls:: List directory contents
337 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
338 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
339 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341 @command{ls}: List directory contents
343 @@ -316,51 +304,51 @@
347 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
348 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
349 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
350 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
351 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
352 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
353 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
354 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
355 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
356 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
357 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
358 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
362 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
363 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
364 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
365 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
366 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
367 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
368 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
369 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
370 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 +* ln:: Make links between files
372 +* mkdir:: Make directories
373 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
375 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
377 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
379 Changing file attributes
381 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
382 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
383 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
384 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
385 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
386 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
387 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
388 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
392 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
393 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
394 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
395 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
396 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
397 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
398 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
399 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
400 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
401 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
406 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
407 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
408 +* echo:: Print a line of text
409 +* printf:: Format and print data
410 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
414 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
415 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
416 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
417 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
418 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
419 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
420 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
421 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
423 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
425 @@ -379,22 +367,22 @@
429 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
430 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
432 File name manipulation
434 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
435 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
436 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
437 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
438 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
439 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
440 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
441 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
442 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
443 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
447 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
448 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
449 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
450 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
451 +* pwd:: Print working directory
452 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
453 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
454 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
458 @@ -408,22 +396,20 @@
462 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
463 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
464 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
465 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
466 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
467 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
468 +* id:: Print user identity
469 +* logname:: Print current login name
470 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
471 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
472 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
473 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
477 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
478 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
479 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
480 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
481 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
482 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
483 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
484 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
485 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
486 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
487 +* uname:: Print system information
488 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
490 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
492 @@ -438,31 +424,27 @@
496 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
497 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
498 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
499 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
501 Modified command invocation
503 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
504 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
505 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
506 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
507 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
508 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
512 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
513 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
514 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
515 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
516 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
517 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
518 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
522 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
523 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
527 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
528 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
529 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
530 +* factor:: Print prime factors
531 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
532 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
536 @@ -1557,15 +1539,15 @@
540 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
541 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
542 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
543 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
544 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
545 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
546 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
547 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
548 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
549 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
550 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
551 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
554 -@node cat invocation
556 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
559 @@ -1666,7 +1648,7 @@
563 -@node tac invocation
565 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
568 @@ -1724,7 +1706,7 @@
574 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
577 @@ -1887,7 +1869,7 @@
583 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
586 @@ -2153,7 +2135,7 @@
590 -@node base32 invocation
592 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
595 @@ -2163,10 +2145,10 @@
596 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
597 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
598 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
599 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
600 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
603 -@node base64 invocation
605 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
608 @@ -2235,13 +2217,13 @@
609 These commands reformat the contents of files.
612 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
613 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
614 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
615 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
616 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
617 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
621 -@node fmt invocation
623 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
626 @@ -2345,7 +2327,7 @@
632 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
635 @@ -2455,7 +2437,7 @@
637 @cindex formatting times
638 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
639 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
640 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
641 Except for directives, which start with
642 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
643 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
644 @@ -2685,7 +2667,7 @@
648 -@node fold invocation
650 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
653 @@ -2752,13 +2734,13 @@
654 These commands output pieces of the input.
657 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
658 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
659 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
660 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
661 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
662 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
663 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
664 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
667 -@node head invocation
669 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
672 @@ -2837,7 +2819,7 @@
676 -@node tail invocation
678 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
681 @@ -3087,7 +3069,7 @@
685 -@node split invocation
687 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
690 @@ -3336,7 +3318,7 @@
694 -@node csplit invocation
696 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
699 @@ -3552,16 +3534,16 @@
703 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
704 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
705 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
706 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
707 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
708 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
709 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
710 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
711 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
712 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
713 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
719 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
722 @@ -3682,7 +3664,7 @@
726 -@node sum invocation
728 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
731 @@ -3733,7 +3715,7 @@
735 -@node cksum invocation
737 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
740 @@ -3767,7 +3749,7 @@
744 -@node md5sum invocation
746 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
749 @@ -3926,7 +3908,7 @@
753 -@node sha1sum invocation
755 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
758 @@ -3938,7 +3920,7 @@
760 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
761 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
762 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
763 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
765 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
766 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
767 @@ -3979,7 +3961,7 @@
768 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
769 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
770 and @command{sha1sum}.
771 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
775 @node Operating on sorted files
776 @@ -3991,16 +3973,16 @@
777 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
780 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
781 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
782 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
783 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
784 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
785 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
786 +* sort:: Sort text files.
787 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
788 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
789 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
790 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
791 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
795 -@node sort invocation
797 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
800 @@ -4290,7 +4272,7 @@
801 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
802 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
803 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
804 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
805 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
806 except that keys with the same value sort together.
808 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
809 @@ -4478,7 +4460,7 @@
810 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
811 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
812 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
813 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
814 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
818 @@ -4496,7 +4478,7 @@
819 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
820 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
821 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
822 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
823 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
826 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
827 @@ -4708,7 +4690,7 @@
831 -@node shuf invocation
833 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
836 @@ -4864,7 +4846,7 @@
840 -@node uniq invocation
842 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
845 @@ -4886,7 +4868,7 @@
846 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
847 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
848 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
849 -@xref{sort invocation}.
853 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
854 @@ -5050,7 +5032,7 @@
858 -@node comm invocation
860 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
863 @@ -5134,7 +5116,7 @@
867 -@node ptx invocation
869 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
872 @@ -5623,7 +5605,7 @@
876 -@node tsort invocation
878 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
881 @@ -5785,13 +5767,13 @@
882 @chapter Operating on fields
885 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
886 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
887 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
888 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
889 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
890 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
894 -@node cut invocation
896 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
899 @@ -5913,7 +5895,7 @@
903 -@node paste invocation
905 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
908 @@ -6011,7 +5993,7 @@
912 -@node join invocation
914 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
917 @@ -6188,13 +6170,13 @@
918 These commands operate on individual characters.
921 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
922 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
923 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
924 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
925 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
926 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
932 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
935 @@ -6577,7 +6559,7 @@
939 -@node expand invocation
941 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
944 @@ -6630,7 +6612,7 @@
948 -@node unexpand invocation
950 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
953 @@ -6691,14 +6673,14 @@
954 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
957 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
958 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
959 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
960 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
961 +* ls:: List directory contents.
963 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
964 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
970 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
973 @@ -7564,7 +7546,7 @@
976 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
977 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
978 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
979 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
980 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
981 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
982 @@ -7762,7 +7744,7 @@
986 -@node dir invocation
988 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
991 @@ -7772,10 +7754,10 @@
992 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
993 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
995 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
996 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
999 -@node vdir invocation
1001 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1004 @@ -7785,9 +7767,9 @@
1005 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1006 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1008 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1009 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1011 -@node dircolors invocation
1013 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1016 @@ -7874,16 +7856,16 @@
1017 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1020 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1021 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1022 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1023 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1024 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1025 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1027 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1028 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1029 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1030 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1031 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1035 -@node cp invocation
1037 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1040 @@ -8363,7 +8345,7 @@
1044 -@node dd invocation
1046 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1049 @@ -8884,7 +8866,7 @@
1053 -@node install invocation
1055 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1058 @@ -9066,7 +9048,7 @@
1062 -@node mv invocation
1064 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1067 @@ -9210,7 +9192,7 @@
1071 -@node rm invocation
1073 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1076 @@ -9373,7 +9355,7 @@
1080 -@node shred invocation
1082 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1085 @@ -9383,7 +9365,7 @@
1086 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1087 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1089 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1090 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1091 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1092 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1093 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1094 @@ -9643,18 +9625,18 @@
1095 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1098 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1099 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1100 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1101 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1102 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1103 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1104 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1105 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1106 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1107 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1108 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1109 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1110 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1111 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1112 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1113 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1117 -@node link invocation
1119 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1122 @@ -9667,7 +9649,7 @@
1123 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1124 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1125 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1126 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1127 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1131 @@ -9693,7 +9675,7 @@
1135 -@node ln invocation
1137 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1140 @@ -9877,7 +9859,7 @@
1141 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1142 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1143 links in these file names will be resolved.
1144 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1145 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1146 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1149 @@ -9954,7 +9936,7 @@
1153 -@node mkdir invocation
1155 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1158 @@ -10027,7 +10009,7 @@
1162 -@node mkfifo invocation
1164 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1167 @@ -10068,7 +10050,7 @@
1171 -@node mknod invocation
1173 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1176 @@ -10145,7 +10127,7 @@
1180 -@node readlink invocation
1182 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1185 @@ -10243,7 +10225,7 @@
1189 -@node rmdir invocation
1191 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1194 @@ -10291,12 +10273,12 @@
1198 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1199 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1204 -@node unlink invocation
1206 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1209 @@ -10307,7 +10289,7 @@
1210 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1211 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1212 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1213 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1214 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1217 unlink @var{filename}
1218 @@ -10341,14 +10323,14 @@
1219 These commands change file attributes.
1222 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1223 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1224 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1225 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1226 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1227 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1228 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1229 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1233 -@node chown invocation
1235 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1238 @@ -10573,7 +10555,7 @@
1242 -@node chgrp invocation
1244 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1247 @@ -10582,7 +10564,7 @@
1249 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1250 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1251 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1252 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1256 @@ -10699,7 +10681,7 @@
1260 -@node chmod invocation
1262 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1265 @@ -10799,7 +10781,7 @@
1269 -@node touch invocation
1271 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1274 @@ -11006,15 +10988,15 @@
1275 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1278 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1279 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1280 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1281 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1282 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1283 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1284 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1285 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1286 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1287 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1291 -@node df invocation
1293 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1296 @@ -11322,7 +11304,7 @@
1297 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1300 -@node du invocation
1302 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1305 @@ -11579,7 +11561,7 @@
1308 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1309 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1310 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1311 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1312 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1313 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1314 @@ -11647,7 +11629,7 @@
1318 -@node stat invocation
1320 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1323 @@ -11855,7 +11837,7 @@
1327 -@node sync invocation
1329 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1332 @@ -11914,7 +11896,7 @@
1336 -@node truncate invocation
1338 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1341 @@ -11991,13 +11973,13 @@
1342 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1345 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1346 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1347 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1348 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1349 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1350 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1354 -@node echo invocation
1356 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1359 @@ -12086,12 +12068,12 @@
1360 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1361 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1362 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1363 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1364 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1369 -@node printf invocation
1371 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1374 @@ -12253,7 +12235,7 @@
1378 -@node yes invocation
1380 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1383 @@ -12284,14 +12266,14 @@
1387 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1388 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1389 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1390 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1391 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1392 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1393 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1394 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1398 -@node false invocation
1400 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1403 @@ -12321,7 +12303,7 @@
1407 -@node true invocation
1409 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1412 @@ -12357,7 +12339,7 @@
1413 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1414 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1416 -@node test invocation
1418 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1421 @@ -12720,7 +12702,7 @@
1425 -@node expr invocation
1427 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1430 @@ -12997,11 +12979,11 @@
1431 it's described here.
1434 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1435 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1439 -@node tee invocation
1441 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1444 @@ -13208,15 +13190,15 @@
1445 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1448 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1449 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1450 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1451 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1452 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1453 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1454 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1455 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1456 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1457 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1461 -@node basename invocation
1463 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1466 @@ -13298,7 +13280,7 @@
1470 -@node dirname invocation
1472 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1475 @@ -13351,7 +13333,7 @@
1479 -@node pathchk invocation
1481 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1484 @@ -13427,7 +13409,7 @@
1488 -@node mktemp invocation
1490 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1493 @@ -13602,7 +13584,7 @@
1497 -@node realpath invocation
1499 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1502 @@ -13726,14 +13708,14 @@
1503 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1506 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1507 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1508 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1509 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1510 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1511 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1512 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1513 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1517 -@node pwd invocation
1519 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1522 @@ -13780,7 +13762,7 @@
1526 -@node stty invocation
1528 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1531 @@ -14522,7 +14504,7 @@
1535 -@node printenv invocation
1537 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1540 @@ -14557,7 +14539,7 @@
1544 -@node tty invocation
1546 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1549 @@ -14607,16 +14589,16 @@
1550 logins, groups, and so forth.
1553 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1554 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1555 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1556 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1557 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1558 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1559 +* id:: Print user identity.
1560 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1561 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1562 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1563 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1564 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1568 -@node id invocation
1570 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1573 @@ -14720,7 +14702,7 @@
1577 -@node logname invocation
1579 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1582 @@ -14741,7 +14723,7 @@
1586 -@node whoami invocation
1588 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1591 @@ -14757,7 +14739,7 @@
1595 -@node groups invocation
1597 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1600 @@ -14784,7 +14766,7 @@
1604 -@node users invocation
1606 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1609 @@ -14819,7 +14801,7 @@
1613 -@node who invocation
1615 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1618 @@ -14982,16 +14964,14 @@
1622 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1623 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1624 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1625 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1626 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1627 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1628 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1629 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1630 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1631 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1632 +* uname:: Print system information.
1633 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1636 -@node date invocation
1638 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1641 @@ -15688,7 +15668,7 @@
1645 -@node arch invocation
1647 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1650 @@ -15711,7 +15691,7 @@
1654 -@node nproc invocation
1656 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1659 @@ -15748,7 +15728,7 @@
1663 -@node uname invocation
1665 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1668 @@ -15878,35 +15858,7 @@
1672 -@node hostname invocation
1673 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1676 -@cindex setting the hostname
1677 -@cindex printing the hostname
1678 -@cindex system name, printing
1679 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1681 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1682 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1683 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1687 -hostname [@var{name}]
1690 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1693 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1694 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1695 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1700 -@node hostid invocation
1702 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1705 @@ -15934,44 +15886,6 @@
1709 -@node uptime invocation
1710 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1713 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1715 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1716 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1718 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1719 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1720 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1721 -the default setting).
1723 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1724 -@xref{Common options}.
1726 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1730 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1733 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1734 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1735 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1736 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1737 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1738 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1740 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1741 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1742 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1743 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1747 @node SELinux context
1748 @chapter SELinux context
1750 @@ -15983,11 +15897,11 @@
1754 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1755 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1756 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1757 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1760 -@node chcon invocation
1762 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1765 @@ -16090,7 +16004,7 @@
1769 -@node runcon invocation
1771 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1774 @@ -16175,16 +16089,16 @@
1778 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1779 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1780 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1781 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1782 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1783 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1784 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1785 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1786 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1787 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1788 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1789 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1793 -@node chroot invocation
1795 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1798 @@ -16300,7 +16214,7 @@
1802 -@node env invocation
1804 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1807 @@ -16450,7 +16364,7 @@
1811 -@node nice invocation
1813 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1816 @@ -16581,7 +16495,7 @@
1820 -@node nohup invocation
1822 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1825 @@ -16655,7 +16569,7 @@
1829 -@node stdbuf invocation
1831 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1834 @@ -16749,7 +16663,7 @@
1838 -@node timeout invocation
1840 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1843 @@ -16839,90 +16753,6 @@
1847 -@node Process control
1848 -@chapter Process control
1850 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1851 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1854 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1858 -@node kill invocation
1859 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1862 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1864 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1865 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1866 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1869 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1870 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1873 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1875 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1876 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1877 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1878 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1879 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1881 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1882 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1883 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1884 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1885 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1886 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1887 -value of @var{pid}.
1889 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1890 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1893 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1894 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1895 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1896 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1905 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1906 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1908 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1909 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1910 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1911 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1912 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1913 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1914 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1915 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1916 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1917 -and if there is no output error.
1919 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1920 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1922 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1923 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1924 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1925 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1926 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1927 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1928 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1929 -signal names and numbers.
1934 @@ -16932,11 +16762,11 @@
1935 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1938 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1939 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1943 -@node sleep invocation
1945 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1948 @@ -16986,13 +16816,13 @@
1949 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1952 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1953 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
1954 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1955 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1956 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
1957 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1961 -@node factor invocation
1963 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1966 @@ -17050,7 +16880,7 @@
1970 -@node numfmt invocation
1972 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
1975 @@ -17390,7 +17220,7 @@
1979 -@node seq invocation
1981 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences