1 --- coreutils-8.21/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2013-02-11 10:37:28.000000000 +0100
2 +++ coreutils-8.21/doc/coreutils.texi 2013-02-24 17:41:00.409391351 +0100
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
26 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
28 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
29 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
30 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
32 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
33 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
34 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
36 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
37 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
38 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
39 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
40 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
41 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
42 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
43 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
44 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
45 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
46 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
47 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
48 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
49 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
50 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
51 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
52 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
53 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
54 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
55 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
56 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
57 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
58 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes.
59 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
60 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
61 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
62 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
63 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
64 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
65 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
66 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
67 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
68 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
69 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
70 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
71 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
72 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
73 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
74 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
75 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
76 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
77 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
78 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
79 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
80 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
81 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
82 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
83 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
84 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
85 -* realpath: (coreutils)readpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
86 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
87 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
88 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
89 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
90 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
91 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
92 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
93 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
94 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
95 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
96 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
97 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
98 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
99 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
100 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
101 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
102 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
103 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
104 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
105 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
106 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
107 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
108 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
109 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
110 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
111 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
112 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
113 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
114 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
115 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
116 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
117 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
118 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
119 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
120 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
121 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
122 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
123 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
124 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
125 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
126 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
127 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
128 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
129 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
130 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
131 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
132 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
133 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
134 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
135 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
136 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
137 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
138 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
139 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
140 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
141 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
142 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
143 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
144 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
145 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
146 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
147 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
148 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
149 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
150 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
151 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
152 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
153 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
154 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
155 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
156 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
157 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy and change attributes
158 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
159 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
160 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
161 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
162 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
163 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
164 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
165 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
166 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
167 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
168 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
169 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
170 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
171 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
172 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
173 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
174 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
175 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
176 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
177 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
178 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
179 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
180 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
181 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
182 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
183 +* realpath: (coreutils)readpath. Print resolved file names
184 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
185 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
186 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
187 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
188 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
189 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests
190 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
191 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
192 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
193 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
194 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
195 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
196 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
197 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
198 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
199 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
200 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
201 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
202 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
203 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
204 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
205 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
206 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
207 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
208 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
209 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
210 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
211 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
212 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
213 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
214 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
215 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
216 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
217 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
218 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
219 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
220 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
225 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
226 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
227 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
228 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
229 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
230 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
231 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
232 -* Process control:: kill
234 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
235 * File permissions:: Access modes
236 @@ -230,45 +218,45 @@
238 Output of entire files
240 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
241 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
242 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
243 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
244 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
245 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
246 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
247 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
248 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
249 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
251 Formatting file contents
253 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
254 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
255 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
256 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
257 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
258 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
259 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
260 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
262 @command{numfmt}: General Options, Units
264 Output of parts of files
266 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
267 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
268 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
269 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
270 +* head:: Output the first part of files
271 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
272 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
273 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
277 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
278 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
279 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
280 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
281 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
282 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
283 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
284 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
285 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
286 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
287 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
289 Operating on sorted files
291 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
292 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
293 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
294 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
295 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
296 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
297 +* sort:: Sort text files
298 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
299 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
300 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
301 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
302 +* tsort:: Topological sort
304 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
306 @@ -280,15 +268,15 @@
310 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
311 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
312 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
313 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
314 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
315 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
317 Operating on characters
319 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
320 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
321 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
322 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
323 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
324 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
326 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 @@ -298,10 +286,10 @@
332 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
333 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
334 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
335 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
336 +* ls:: List directory contents
337 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
338 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
339 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341 @command{ls}: List directory contents
343 @@ -314,51 +302,51 @@
347 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
348 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
349 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
350 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
351 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
352 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
353 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
354 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
355 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
356 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
357 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
358 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
362 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
363 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
364 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
365 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
366 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
367 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
368 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
369 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
370 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
371 +* ln:: Make links between files
372 +* mkdir:: Make directories
373 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
374 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
375 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
376 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
377 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
379 Changing file attributes
381 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
382 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
383 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
384 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
385 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
386 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
387 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
388 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
392 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
393 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
394 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
395 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
396 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
397 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
398 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
399 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
400 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
401 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
405 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
406 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
407 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
408 +* echo:: Print a line of text
409 +* printf:: Format and print data
410 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
414 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
415 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
416 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
417 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
418 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
419 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
420 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
421 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
423 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
425 @@ -377,22 +365,22 @@
429 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
430 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
432 File name manipulation
434 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
435 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
436 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
437 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
438 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
439 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
440 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
441 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
442 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
443 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
447 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
448 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
449 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
450 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
451 +* pwd:: Print working directory
452 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
453 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
454 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
458 @@ -406,22 +394,20 @@
462 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
463 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
464 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
465 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
466 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
467 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
468 +* id:: Print user identity
469 +* logname:: Print current login name
470 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
471 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
472 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
473 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
477 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
478 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
479 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
480 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
481 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
482 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
483 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
484 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
485 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
486 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
487 +* uname:: Print system information
488 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
490 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
492 @@ -436,30 +422,26 @@
496 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
497 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
498 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
499 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
501 Modified command invocation
503 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
504 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
505 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
506 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
507 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
508 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
512 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
513 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
514 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
515 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
516 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
517 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
518 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
522 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
523 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
527 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
528 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
529 +* factor:: Print prime factors
530 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
534 @@ -1477,14 +1459,14 @@
538 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
539 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
540 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
541 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
542 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
543 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
544 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
545 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
546 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
547 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
550 -@node cat invocation
552 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
555 @@ -1584,7 +1566,7 @@
559 -@node tac invocation
561 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
564 @@ -1640,7 +1622,7 @@
570 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
573 @@ -1803,7 +1785,7 @@
579 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
582 @@ -2057,7 +2039,7 @@
586 -@node base64 invocation
588 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
591 @@ -2125,14 +2107,14 @@
592 These commands reformat the contents of files.
595 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
596 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
597 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
598 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
599 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
600 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
601 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
602 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
606 -@node fmt invocation
608 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
611 @@ -2236,7 +2218,7 @@
615 -@node numfmt invocation
617 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
620 @@ -2556,7 +2538,7 @@
626 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
629 @@ -2666,7 +2648,7 @@
631 @cindex formatting times
632 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
633 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
634 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
635 Except for directives, which start with
636 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
637 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
638 @@ -2893,7 +2875,7 @@
642 -@node fold invocation
644 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
647 @@ -2960,13 +2942,13 @@
648 These commands output pieces of the input.
651 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
652 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
653 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
654 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
655 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
656 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
657 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
658 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
661 -@node head invocation
663 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
666 @@ -3043,7 +3025,7 @@
670 -@node tail invocation
672 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
675 @@ -3273,7 +3255,7 @@
679 -@node split invocation
681 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
684 @@ -3502,7 +3484,7 @@
688 -@node csplit invocation
690 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
693 @@ -3693,16 +3675,16 @@
697 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
698 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
699 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
700 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
701 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
702 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
703 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
704 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
705 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
706 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
707 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
713 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
716 @@ -3820,7 +3802,7 @@
720 -@node sum invocation
722 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
725 @@ -3871,7 +3853,7 @@
729 -@node cksum invocation
731 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
734 @@ -3905,7 +3887,7 @@
738 -@node md5sum invocation
740 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
743 @@ -4051,7 +4033,7 @@
747 -@node sha1sum invocation
749 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
752 @@ -4063,7 +4045,7 @@
754 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
755 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
756 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
757 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
759 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
760 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
761 @@ -4103,7 +4085,7 @@
762 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
763 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
764 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
765 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
768 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
769 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
770 @@ -4118,16 +4100,16 @@
771 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
774 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
775 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
776 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
777 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
778 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
779 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
780 +* sort:: Sort text files.
781 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
782 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
783 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
784 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
785 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
789 -@node sort invocation
791 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
794 @@ -4413,7 +4395,7 @@
795 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
796 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
797 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
798 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
799 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
800 except that keys with the same value sort together.
802 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
803 @@ -4601,7 +4583,7 @@
804 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
805 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
806 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
807 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
808 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
812 @@ -4619,7 +4601,7 @@
813 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
814 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
815 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
816 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
817 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
819 @macro zeroTerminatedOption
821 @@ -4842,7 +4824,7 @@
825 -@node shuf invocation
827 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
830 @@ -4972,7 +4954,7 @@
834 -@node uniq invocation
836 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
839 @@ -4994,7 +4976,7 @@
840 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
841 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
842 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
843 -@xref{sort invocation}.
847 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
848 @@ -5121,7 +5103,7 @@
852 -@node comm invocation
854 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
857 @@ -5203,7 +5185,7 @@
861 -@node ptx invocation
863 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
866 @@ -5662,7 +5644,7 @@
870 -@node tsort invocation
872 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
875 @@ -5824,13 +5806,13 @@
876 @chapter Operating on fields
879 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
880 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
881 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
882 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
883 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
884 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
888 -@node cut invocation
890 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
893 @@ -5950,7 +5932,7 @@
897 -@node paste invocation
899 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
902 @@ -6020,7 +6002,7 @@
906 -@node join invocation
908 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
911 @@ -6194,13 +6176,13 @@
912 This commands operate on individual characters.
915 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
916 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
917 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
918 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
919 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
920 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
926 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
929 @@ -6580,7 +6562,7 @@
933 -@node expand invocation
935 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
938 @@ -6633,7 +6615,7 @@
942 -@node unexpand invocation
944 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
947 @@ -6694,14 +6676,14 @@
948 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
951 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
952 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
953 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
954 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
955 +* ls:: List directory contents.
957 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
958 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
964 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
967 @@ -7566,7 +7548,7 @@
970 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
971 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
972 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
973 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
974 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
975 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
976 @@ -7758,7 +7740,7 @@
980 -@node dir invocation
982 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
985 @@ -7768,10 +7750,10 @@
986 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
987 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
989 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
990 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
993 -@node vdir invocation
995 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
998 @@ -7781,7 +7763,7 @@
999 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1000 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1002 -@node dircolors invocation
1004 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1007 @@ -7868,16 +7850,16 @@
1008 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1011 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1012 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1013 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1014 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1015 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1016 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1018 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1019 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1020 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1021 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1022 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1026 -@node cp invocation
1028 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1031 @@ -8332,7 +8314,7 @@
1035 -@node dd invocation
1037 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1040 @@ -8798,7 +8780,7 @@
1044 -@node install invocation
1046 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1049 @@ -8979,7 +8961,7 @@
1053 -@node mv invocation
1055 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1058 @@ -9110,7 +9092,7 @@
1062 -@node rm invocation
1064 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1067 @@ -9272,7 +9254,7 @@
1071 -@node shred invocation
1073 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1076 @@ -9282,7 +9264,7 @@
1077 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1078 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1080 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1081 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1082 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1083 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1084 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1085 @@ -9529,18 +9511,18 @@
1086 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1089 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1090 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1091 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1092 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1093 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1094 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1095 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1096 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1097 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1098 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1099 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1100 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1101 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1102 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1103 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1104 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1108 -@node link invocation
1110 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1113 @@ -9553,7 +9535,7 @@
1114 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1115 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1116 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1117 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1118 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1122 @@ -9579,7 +9561,7 @@
1126 -@node ln invocation
1128 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1131 @@ -9760,7 +9742,7 @@
1132 '/tmp/file' -> '../a/file'
1135 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1136 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1137 over relative file name generation.
1140 @@ -9824,7 +9806,7 @@
1144 -@node mkdir invocation
1146 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1149 @@ -9903,7 +9885,7 @@
1153 -@node mkfifo invocation
1155 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1158 @@ -9950,7 +9932,7 @@
1162 -@node mknod invocation
1164 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1167 @@ -10033,7 +10015,7 @@
1171 -@node readlink invocation
1173 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1176 @@ -10135,7 +10117,7 @@
1180 -@node rmdir invocation
1182 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1185 @@ -10183,12 +10165,12 @@
1189 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1190 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1195 -@node unlink invocation
1197 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1200 @@ -10199,7 +10181,7 @@
1201 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1202 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1203 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1204 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1205 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1208 unlink @var{filename}
1209 @@ -10233,14 +10215,14 @@
1210 These commands change file attributes.
1213 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1214 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1215 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1216 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1217 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1218 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1219 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1220 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1224 -@node chown invocation
1226 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1229 @@ -10458,7 +10440,7 @@
1233 -@node chgrp invocation
1235 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1238 @@ -10581,7 +10563,7 @@
1242 -@node chmod invocation
1244 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1247 @@ -10681,7 +10663,7 @@
1251 -@node touch invocation
1253 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1256 @@ -10888,15 +10870,15 @@
1257 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1260 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1261 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1262 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1263 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1264 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1265 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1266 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1267 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1268 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1269 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1273 -@node df invocation
1275 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1278 @@ -11191,7 +11173,7 @@
1279 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1282 -@node du invocation
1284 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1287 @@ -11424,7 +11406,7 @@
1290 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1291 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1292 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1293 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1294 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1295 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1296 @@ -11492,7 +11474,7 @@
1300 -@node stat invocation
1302 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1305 @@ -11676,7 +11658,7 @@
1309 -@node sync invocation
1311 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1314 @@ -11703,7 +11685,7 @@
1318 -@node truncate invocation
1320 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1323 @@ -11779,13 +11761,13 @@
1324 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1327 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1328 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1329 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1330 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1331 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1332 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1336 -@node echo invocation
1338 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1341 @@ -11874,12 +11856,12 @@
1342 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1343 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1344 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1345 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1346 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1351 -@node printf invocation
1353 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1356 @@ -12033,7 +12015,7 @@
1360 -@node yes invocation
1362 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1365 @@ -12064,14 +12046,14 @@
1369 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1370 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1371 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1372 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1373 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1374 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1375 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1376 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1380 -@node false invocation
1382 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1385 @@ -12101,7 +12083,7 @@
1389 -@node true invocation
1391 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1394 @@ -12137,7 +12119,7 @@
1395 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1396 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1398 -@node test invocation
1400 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1403 @@ -12470,7 +12452,7 @@
1407 -@node expr invocation
1409 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1412 @@ -12747,11 +12729,11 @@
1413 it's described here.
1416 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1417 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1421 -@node tee invocation
1423 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1426 @@ -12912,15 +12894,15 @@
1427 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1430 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1431 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1432 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1433 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1434 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1435 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1436 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1437 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1438 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1439 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1443 -@node basename invocation
1445 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1448 @@ -13006,7 +12988,7 @@
1452 -@node dirname invocation
1454 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1457 @@ -13063,7 +13045,7 @@
1461 -@node pathchk invocation
1463 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1466 @@ -13139,7 +13121,7 @@
1470 -@node mktemp invocation
1472 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1475 @@ -13314,7 +13296,7 @@
1479 -@node realpath invocation
1481 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1484 @@ -13442,14 +13424,14 @@
1485 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1488 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1489 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1490 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1491 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1492 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1493 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1494 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1495 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1499 -@node pwd invocation
1501 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1504 @@ -13496,7 +13478,7 @@
1508 -@node stty invocation
1510 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1513 @@ -14187,7 +14169,7 @@
1517 -@node printenv invocation
1519 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1522 @@ -14222,7 +14204,7 @@
1526 -@node tty invocation
1528 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1531 @@ -14272,16 +14254,16 @@
1532 logins, groups, and so forth.
1535 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1536 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1537 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1538 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1539 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1540 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1541 +* id:: Print user identity.
1542 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1543 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1544 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1545 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1546 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1550 -@node id invocation
1552 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1555 @@ -14367,7 +14349,7 @@
1557 @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument}
1559 -@node logname invocation
1561 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1564 @@ -14388,7 +14370,7 @@
1568 -@node whoami invocation
1570 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1573 @@ -14404,7 +14386,7 @@
1577 -@node groups invocation
1579 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1582 @@ -14432,7 +14414,7 @@
1586 -@node users invocation
1588 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1591 @@ -14463,7 +14445,7 @@
1595 -@node who invocation
1597 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1600 @@ -14622,16 +14604,14 @@
1604 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1605 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1606 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1607 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1608 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1609 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1610 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1611 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1612 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1613 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1614 +* uname:: Print system information.
1615 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1618 -@node date invocation
1620 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1623 @@ -15324,7 +15304,7 @@
1627 -@node arch invocation
1629 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1632 @@ -15344,7 +15324,7 @@
1636 -@node nproc invocation
1638 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1641 @@ -15381,7 +15361,7 @@
1645 -@node uname invocation
1647 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1650 @@ -15511,31 +15491,7 @@
1654 -@node hostname invocation
1655 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1658 -@cindex setting the hostname
1659 -@cindex printing the hostname
1660 -@cindex system name, printing
1661 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1663 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1664 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1665 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1669 -hostname [@var{name}]
1672 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1678 -@node hostid invocation
1680 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1683 @@ -15559,37 +15515,6 @@
1687 -@node uptime invocation
1688 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1691 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1693 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1694 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1696 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1697 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1698 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1699 -the default setting).
1701 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1702 -@xref{Common options}.
1704 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1708 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1711 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1712 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1713 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1714 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1715 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1716 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1718 @node SELinux context
1719 @chapter SELinux context
1721 @@ -15601,11 +15526,11 @@
1725 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1726 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1727 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1728 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1731 -@node chcon invocation
1733 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1736 @@ -15708,7 +15633,7 @@
1740 -@node runcon invocation
1742 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1745 @@ -15793,16 +15718,16 @@
1749 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1750 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1751 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1752 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1753 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1754 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1755 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1756 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1757 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1758 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1759 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1760 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1764 -@node chroot invocation
1766 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1769 @@ -15890,7 +15815,7 @@
1773 -@node env invocation
1775 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1778 @@ -16040,7 +15965,7 @@
1782 -@node nice invocation
1784 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1787 @@ -16167,7 +16092,7 @@
1791 -@node nohup invocation
1793 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1796 @@ -16240,7 +16165,7 @@
1800 -@node stdbuf invocation
1802 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1805 @@ -16329,7 +16254,7 @@
1809 -@node timeout invocation
1811 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1814 @@ -16416,90 +16341,6 @@
1818 -@node Process control
1819 -@chapter Process control
1821 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1822 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1825 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1829 -@node kill invocation
1830 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1833 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1835 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1836 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1837 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1840 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1841 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1844 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1846 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1847 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1848 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1849 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1850 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1852 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1853 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1854 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1855 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1856 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1857 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1858 -value of @var{pid}.
1860 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1861 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1864 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1865 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1866 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1867 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1876 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1877 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1879 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1880 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1881 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1882 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1883 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1884 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1885 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1886 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1887 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1888 -and if there is no output error.
1890 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1891 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1893 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1894 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1895 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1896 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1897 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1898 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1899 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1900 -signal names and numbers.
1905 @@ -16509,11 +16350,11 @@
1906 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1909 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1910 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1914 -@node sleep invocation
1916 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1919 @@ -16563,12 +16404,12 @@
1920 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1923 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1924 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1925 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1926 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1930 -@node factor invocation
1932 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1935 @@ -16626,7 +16467,7 @@
1939 -@node seq invocation
1941 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences