1 --- coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi.orig 2014-07-14 00:09:52.000000000 +0200
2 +++ coreutils-8.23/doc/coreutils.texi 2014-07-20 18:30:37.001187417 +0200
8 +@dircategory Core utilities:
10 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
11 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
12 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
13 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
14 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
15 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
18 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
19 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
20 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
22 -@dircategory Individual utilities
24 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
25 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
26 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
27 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
28 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
29 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
30 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
31 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
32 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
33 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
34 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
35 -* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils invocation. Multi-call program.
36 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
37 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
38 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
39 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
40 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
41 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
42 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
43 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
44 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
45 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
46 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
47 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
48 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
49 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
50 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
51 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
52 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
53 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
54 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
55 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
56 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
57 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
58 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
59 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
60 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
61 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
62 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
63 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
64 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
65 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
66 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
67 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
68 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
69 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
70 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
71 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
72 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
73 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
74 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
75 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
76 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
77 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
78 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
79 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
80 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
81 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
82 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
83 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
84 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
85 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
86 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
87 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
88 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
89 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
90 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
91 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
92 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
93 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
94 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
95 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
96 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
97 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
98 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
99 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
100 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
101 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
102 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk.
103 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
104 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
105 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
106 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
107 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
108 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
109 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
110 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
111 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
112 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
113 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
114 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
115 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
116 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
117 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
118 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
119 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
120 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
121 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
122 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
123 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
124 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
125 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
126 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
127 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
128 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
129 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
130 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
131 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
132 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
133 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
134 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
135 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
136 +* coreutils: (coreutils)coreutils. Multi-call program
137 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
138 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
139 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
140 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
141 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
142 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
143 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
144 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
145 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
146 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
147 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
148 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
149 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
150 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
151 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
152 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
153 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
154 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
155 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
156 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
157 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
158 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
159 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
160 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
161 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
162 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
163 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
164 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
165 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
166 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
167 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
168 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
169 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
170 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
171 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
172 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
173 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
174 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
175 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
176 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
177 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
178 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
179 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
180 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
181 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
182 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
183 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
184 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
185 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
186 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
187 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
188 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
189 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
190 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
191 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests
192 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
193 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
194 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
195 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
196 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
197 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
198 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
199 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
200 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
201 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory and disk
202 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
203 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
204 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
205 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
206 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
207 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
208 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
209 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
210 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
211 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
212 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
213 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
214 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
215 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
216 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
217 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
218 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
219 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
220 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
221 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
222 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
227 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
228 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
229 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
230 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
231 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
232 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
233 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
234 -* Process control:: kill
236 * Numeric operations:: factor seq
237 * File permissions:: Access modes
238 @@ -230,47 +218,47 @@
239 * Traversing symlinks:: Traversing symlinks to directories
240 * Treating / specially:: Treating / specially
241 * Standards conformance:: Standards conformance
242 -* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation
243 +* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation
245 Output of entire files
247 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
248 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
249 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
250 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
251 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
252 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
253 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
254 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
255 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
256 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
258 Formatting file contents
260 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
261 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
262 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
263 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
264 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
265 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
266 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
267 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
269 Output of parts of files
271 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
272 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
273 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
274 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
275 +* head:: Output the first part of files
276 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
277 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
278 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
282 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
283 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
284 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
285 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
286 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
287 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
288 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
289 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
290 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
291 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
292 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
294 Operating on sorted files
296 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
297 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
298 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
299 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
300 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
301 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
302 +* sort:: Sort text files
303 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
304 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
305 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
306 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
307 +* tsort:: Topological sort
309 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
311 @@ -282,15 +270,15 @@
315 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
316 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
317 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
318 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
319 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
320 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
322 Operating on characters
324 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
325 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
326 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
327 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
331 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
333 @@ -300,10 +288,10 @@
337 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
338 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
339 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
340 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341 +* ls:: List directory contents
342 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
343 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
344 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
346 @command{ls}: List directory contents
348 @@ -316,51 +304,51 @@
352 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
353 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
354 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
355 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
356 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
357 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
358 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
359 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
360 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
361 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
362 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
363 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
367 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
368 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
369 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
370 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
371 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
372 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
373 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
374 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
375 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
376 +* ln:: Make links between files
377 +* mkdir:: Make directories
378 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
379 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
380 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
381 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
382 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
384 Changing file attributes
386 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
387 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
388 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
389 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
390 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
391 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
392 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
393 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
397 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
398 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
399 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
400 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
401 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
402 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
403 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
404 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
405 +* sync:: Synchronize data on disk with memory
406 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
410 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
411 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
412 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
413 +* echo:: Print a line of text
414 +* printf:: Format and print data
415 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
419 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
420 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
421 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
422 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
423 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
424 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
425 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
426 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
428 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
430 @@ -379,22 +367,22 @@
434 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
435 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
437 File name manipulation
439 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
440 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
441 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
442 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
443 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
444 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
445 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
446 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
447 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
448 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
452 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
453 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
454 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
455 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456 +* pwd:: Print working directory
457 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
458 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
459 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
461 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
463 @@ -408,22 +396,20 @@
467 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
468 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
469 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
470 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
471 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
472 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
473 +* id:: Print user identity
474 +* logname:: Print current login name
475 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
476 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
477 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
478 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
482 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
483 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
484 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
485 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
486 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
487 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
488 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
489 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
490 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
491 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
492 +* uname:: Print system information
493 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
495 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
497 @@ -438,30 +424,26 @@
501 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
502 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
503 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
504 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 Modified command invocation
508 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
509 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
510 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
511 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
512 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
513 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
517 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
518 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
519 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
520 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
521 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
522 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
523 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
527 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
528 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
532 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
533 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
534 +* factor:: Print prime factors
535 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
540 * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root.
541 * Special built-in utilities:: @command{break}, @command{:}, @dots{}
542 * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard.
543 -* coreutils invocation:: Multi-call binary invocation.
544 +* coreutils:: Multi-call binary invocation.
548 @@ -1497,7 +1479,7 @@
549 or @samp{tail +10}, you can work around any compatibility problems by setting
550 @samp{_POSIX2_VERSION=199209} in your environment.
552 -@node coreutils invocation
554 @section @command{coreutils}: Multi-call binary
557 @@ -1523,14 +1505,14 @@
561 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
562 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
563 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
564 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
565 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
566 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
567 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
568 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
569 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
570 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
573 -@node cat invocation
575 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
578 @@ -1630,7 +1612,7 @@
582 -@node tac invocation
584 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
587 @@ -1686,7 +1668,7 @@
593 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
596 @@ -1849,7 +1831,7 @@
602 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
605 @@ -2114,7 +2096,7 @@
609 -@node base64 invocation
611 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
614 @@ -2182,14 +2164,14 @@
615 These commands reformat the contents of files.
618 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
619 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
620 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
621 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
622 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
623 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
624 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
625 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
629 -@node fmt invocation
631 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
634 @@ -2293,7 +2275,7 @@
638 -@node numfmt invocation
640 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
643 @@ -2615,7 +2597,7 @@
649 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
652 @@ -2725,7 +2707,7 @@
654 @cindex formatting times
655 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
656 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
657 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
658 Except for directives, which start with
659 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
660 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
661 @@ -2955,7 +2937,7 @@
665 -@node fold invocation
667 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
670 @@ -3022,13 +3004,13 @@
671 These commands output pieces of the input.
674 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
675 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
676 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
677 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
678 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
679 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
680 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
681 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
684 -@node head invocation
686 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
689 @@ -3105,7 +3087,7 @@
693 -@node tail invocation
695 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
698 @@ -3343,7 +3325,7 @@
702 -@node split invocation
704 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
707 @@ -3572,7 +3554,7 @@
711 -@node csplit invocation
713 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
716 @@ -3788,16 +3770,16 @@
720 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
721 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
722 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
723 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
724 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
725 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
726 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
727 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
728 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
729 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
730 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
736 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
739 @@ -3915,7 +3897,7 @@
743 -@node sum invocation
745 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
748 @@ -3966,7 +3948,7 @@
752 -@node cksum invocation
754 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
757 @@ -4000,7 +3982,7 @@
761 -@node md5sum invocation
763 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
766 @@ -4146,7 +4128,7 @@
770 -@node sha1sum invocation
772 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
775 @@ -4158,7 +4140,7 @@
777 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
778 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
779 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
780 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
782 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
783 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
784 @@ -4198,7 +4180,7 @@
785 various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits),
786 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
787 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}.
788 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
791 Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to
792 compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.
793 @@ -4213,16 +4195,16 @@
794 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
797 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
798 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
799 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
800 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
801 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
802 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
803 +* sort:: Sort text files.
804 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
805 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
806 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
807 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
808 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
812 -@node sort invocation
814 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
817 @@ -4511,7 +4493,7 @@
818 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
819 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
820 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
821 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
822 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
823 except that keys with the same value sort together.
825 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
826 @@ -4699,7 +4681,7 @@
827 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
828 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
829 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
830 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
831 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
835 @@ -4717,7 +4699,7 @@
836 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
837 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
838 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
839 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
840 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
844 @@ -4926,7 +4908,7 @@
848 -@node shuf invocation
850 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
853 @@ -5082,7 +5064,7 @@
857 -@node uniq invocation
859 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
862 @@ -5104,7 +5086,7 @@
863 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
864 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
865 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
866 -@xref{sort invocation}.
870 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
871 @@ -5266,7 +5248,7 @@
875 -@node comm invocation
877 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
880 @@ -5348,7 +5330,7 @@
884 -@node ptx invocation
886 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
889 @@ -5807,7 +5789,7 @@
893 -@node tsort invocation
895 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
898 @@ -5969,13 +5951,13 @@
899 @chapter Operating on fields
902 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
903 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
904 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
905 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
906 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
907 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
911 -@node cut invocation
913 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
916 @@ -6095,7 +6077,7 @@
920 -@node paste invocation
922 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
925 @@ -6191,7 +6173,7 @@
929 -@node join invocation
931 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
934 @@ -6367,13 +6349,13 @@
935 These commands operate on individual characters.
938 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
939 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
940 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
941 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
942 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
943 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
949 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
952 @@ -6753,7 +6735,7 @@
956 -@node expand invocation
958 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
961 @@ -6806,7 +6788,7 @@
965 -@node unexpand invocation
967 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
970 @@ -6867,14 +6849,14 @@
971 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
974 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
975 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
976 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
977 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
978 +* ls:: List directory contents.
980 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
981 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
987 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
990 @@ -7737,7 +7719,7 @@
993 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
994 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
995 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
996 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
997 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
998 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
999 @@ -7929,7 +7911,7 @@
1003 -@node dir invocation
1005 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1008 @@ -7939,10 +7921,10 @@
1009 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1010 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1012 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1013 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1016 -@node vdir invocation
1018 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1021 @@ -7952,7 +7934,7 @@
1022 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1023 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1025 -@node dircolors invocation
1027 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1030 @@ -8039,16 +8021,16 @@
1031 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1034 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1035 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1036 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1037 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1038 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1039 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1041 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1042 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1043 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1044 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1045 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1049 -@node cp invocation
1051 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1054 @@ -8526,7 +8508,7 @@
1058 -@node dd invocation
1060 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1063 @@ -9016,7 +8998,7 @@
1067 -@node install invocation
1069 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1072 @@ -9197,7 +9179,7 @@
1076 -@node mv invocation
1078 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1081 @@ -9338,7 +9320,7 @@
1085 -@node rm invocation
1087 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1090 @@ -9501,7 +9483,7 @@
1094 -@node shred invocation
1096 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1099 @@ -9511,7 +9493,7 @@
1100 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1101 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1103 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1104 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1105 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1106 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1107 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1108 @@ -9772,18 +9754,18 @@
1109 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1112 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1113 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1114 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1115 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1116 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1117 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1118 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1119 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1120 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1121 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1122 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1123 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1124 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1125 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1126 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1127 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1131 -@node link invocation
1133 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1136 @@ -9796,7 +9778,7 @@
1137 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1138 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1139 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1140 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1141 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1145 @@ -9822,7 +9804,7 @@
1149 -@node ln invocation
1151 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1154 @@ -10006,7 +9988,7 @@
1155 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1156 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.E. all symbolic
1157 links in these file names will be resolved.
1158 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1159 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1160 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1163 @@ -10083,7 +10065,7 @@
1167 -@node mkdir invocation
1169 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1172 @@ -10156,7 +10138,7 @@
1176 -@node mkfifo invocation
1178 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1181 @@ -10197,7 +10179,7 @@
1185 -@node mknod invocation
1187 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1190 @@ -10274,7 +10256,7 @@
1194 -@node readlink invocation
1196 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1199 @@ -10372,7 +10354,7 @@
1203 -@node rmdir invocation
1205 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1208 @@ -10420,12 +10402,12 @@
1212 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1213 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1218 -@node unlink invocation
1220 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1223 @@ -10436,7 +10418,7 @@
1224 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1225 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1226 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1227 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1228 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1231 unlink @var{filename}
1232 @@ -10470,14 +10452,14 @@
1233 These commands change file attributes.
1236 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1237 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1238 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1239 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1240 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1241 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1242 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1243 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1247 -@node chown invocation
1249 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1252 @@ -10702,7 +10684,7 @@
1256 -@node chgrp invocation
1258 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1261 @@ -10711,7 +10693,7 @@
1263 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1264 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1265 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1266 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1270 @@ -10828,7 +10810,7 @@
1274 -@node chmod invocation
1276 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1279 @@ -10928,7 +10910,7 @@
1283 -@node touch invocation
1285 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1288 @@ -11135,15 +11117,15 @@
1289 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1292 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1293 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1294 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1295 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1296 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1297 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1298 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1299 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1300 +* sync:: Synchronize memory and disk.
1301 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1305 -@node df invocation
1307 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1310 @@ -11442,7 +11424,7 @@
1311 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1314 -@node du invocation
1316 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1319 @@ -11699,7 +11681,7 @@
1322 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1323 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1324 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1325 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1326 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1327 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1328 @@ -11767,7 +11749,7 @@
1332 -@node stat invocation
1334 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1337 @@ -11956,7 +11938,7 @@
1341 -@node sync invocation
1343 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory
1346 @@ -11983,7 +11965,7 @@
1350 -@node truncate invocation
1352 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1355 @@ -12060,13 +12042,13 @@
1356 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1359 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1360 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1361 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1362 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1363 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1364 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1368 -@node echo invocation
1370 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1373 @@ -12155,12 +12137,12 @@
1374 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1375 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1376 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1377 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1378 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1383 -@node printf invocation
1385 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1388 @@ -12314,7 +12296,7 @@
1392 -@node yes invocation
1394 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1397 @@ -12345,14 +12327,14 @@
1401 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1402 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1403 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1404 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1405 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1406 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1407 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1408 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1412 -@node false invocation
1414 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1417 @@ -12382,7 +12364,7 @@
1421 -@node true invocation
1423 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1426 @@ -12418,7 +12400,7 @@
1427 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1428 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1430 -@node test invocation
1432 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1435 @@ -12751,7 +12733,7 @@
1439 -@node expr invocation
1441 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1444 @@ -13028,11 +13010,11 @@
1445 it's described here.
1448 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1449 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1453 -@node tee invocation
1455 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1458 @@ -13193,15 +13175,15 @@
1459 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1462 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1463 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1464 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1465 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1466 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1467 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1468 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1469 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1470 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1471 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1475 -@node basename invocation
1477 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1480 @@ -13283,7 +13265,7 @@
1484 -@node dirname invocation
1486 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1489 @@ -13336,7 +13318,7 @@
1493 -@node pathchk invocation
1495 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1498 @@ -13412,7 +13394,7 @@
1502 -@node mktemp invocation
1504 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1507 @@ -13587,7 +13569,7 @@
1511 -@node realpath invocation
1513 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1516 @@ -13711,14 +13693,14 @@
1517 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1520 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1521 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1522 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1523 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1524 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1525 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1526 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1527 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1531 -@node pwd invocation
1533 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1536 @@ -13765,7 +13747,7 @@
1540 -@node stty invocation
1542 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1545 @@ -14466,7 +14448,7 @@
1549 -@node printenv invocation
1551 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1554 @@ -14501,7 +14483,7 @@
1558 -@node tty invocation
1560 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1563 @@ -14551,16 +14533,16 @@
1564 logins, groups, and so forth.
1567 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1568 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1569 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1570 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1571 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1572 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1573 +* id:: Print user identity.
1574 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1575 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1576 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1577 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1578 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1582 -@node id invocation
1584 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1587 @@ -14664,7 +14646,7 @@
1591 -@node logname invocation
1593 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1596 @@ -14685,7 +14667,7 @@
1600 -@node whoami invocation
1602 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1605 @@ -14701,7 +14683,7 @@
1609 -@node groups invocation
1611 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1614 @@ -14728,7 +14710,7 @@
1618 -@node users invocation
1620 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1623 @@ -14759,7 +14741,7 @@
1627 -@node who invocation
1629 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1632 @@ -14918,16 +14900,14 @@
1636 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1637 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1638 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1639 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1640 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1641 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1642 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1643 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1644 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1645 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1646 +* uname:: Print system information.
1647 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1650 -@node date invocation
1652 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1655 @@ -15620,7 +15600,7 @@
1659 -@node arch invocation
1661 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1664 @@ -15640,7 +15620,7 @@
1668 -@node nproc invocation
1670 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1673 @@ -15677,7 +15657,7 @@
1677 -@node uname invocation
1679 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1682 @@ -15807,31 +15787,7 @@
1686 -@node hostname invocation
1687 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1690 -@cindex setting the hostname
1691 -@cindex printing the hostname
1692 -@cindex system name, printing
1693 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1695 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1696 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1697 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1701 -hostname [@var{name}]
1704 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1710 -@node hostid invocation
1712 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1715 @@ -15855,37 +15811,6 @@
1719 -@node uptime invocation
1720 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1723 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1725 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1726 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1728 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1729 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1730 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1731 -the default setting).
1733 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1734 -@xref{Common options}.
1736 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1740 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1743 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1744 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1745 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1746 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1747 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1748 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1750 @node SELinux context
1751 @chapter SELinux context
1753 @@ -15897,11 +15822,11 @@
1757 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1758 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1759 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1760 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1763 -@node chcon invocation
1765 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1768 @@ -16004,7 +15929,7 @@
1772 -@node runcon invocation
1774 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1777 @@ -16089,16 +16014,16 @@
1781 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1782 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1783 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1784 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1785 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1786 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1787 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1788 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1789 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1790 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1791 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1792 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1796 -@node chroot invocation
1798 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1801 @@ -16198,7 +16123,7 @@
1805 -@node env invocation
1807 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1810 @@ -16348,7 +16273,7 @@
1814 -@node nice invocation
1816 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1819 @@ -16475,7 +16400,7 @@
1823 -@node nohup invocation
1825 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1828 @@ -16548,7 +16473,7 @@
1832 -@node stdbuf invocation
1834 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1837 @@ -16637,7 +16562,7 @@
1841 -@node timeout invocation
1843 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1846 @@ -16724,90 +16649,6 @@
1850 -@node Process control
1851 -@chapter Process control
1853 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1854 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1857 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1861 -@node kill invocation
1862 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1865 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1867 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1868 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1869 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1872 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1873 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1876 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1878 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1879 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1880 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1881 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1882 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1884 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1885 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1886 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1887 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1888 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1889 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1890 -value of @var{pid}.
1892 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1893 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1896 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1897 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1898 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1899 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1908 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1909 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1911 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1912 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1913 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1914 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1915 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1916 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1917 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1918 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1919 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1920 -and if there is no output error.
1922 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1923 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1925 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1926 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1927 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1928 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1929 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1930 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1931 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1932 -signal names and numbers.
1937 @@ -16817,11 +16658,11 @@
1938 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1941 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1942 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1946 -@node sleep invocation
1948 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1951 @@ -16871,12 +16712,12 @@
1952 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1955 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1956 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1957 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1958 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1962 -@node factor invocation
1964 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1967 @@ -16934,7 +16775,7 @@
1971 -@node seq invocation
1973 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences