1 diff -ur coreutils-8.26.orig/doc/coreutils.texi coreutils-8.26/doc/coreutils.texi
2 --- coreutils-8.26.orig/doc/coreutils.texi 2016-11-24 11:08:31.000000000 +0000
3 +++ coreutils-8.26/doc/coreutils.texi 2017-02-08 11:35:32.291459684 +0000
9 +@dircategory Core utilities:
11 -* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
12 +* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities
13 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
14 -* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes.
15 +* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes
16 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
19 -@c FIXME: the following need documentation
20 -@c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests.
21 -@c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME.
23 -@dircategory Individual utilities
25 -* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name.
26 -* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
27 -* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation. Base32 encode/decode data.
28 -* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data.
29 -* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix.
30 -* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files.
31 -* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files.
32 -* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups.
33 -* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change access permissions.
34 -* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners and groups.
35 -* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
36 -* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum.
37 -* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
38 -* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
39 -* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
40 -* cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines.
41 -* date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time.
42 -* dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file.
43 -* df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage.
44 -* dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly.
45 -* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls.
46 -* dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component.
47 -* du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage.
48 -* echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text.
49 -* env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment.
50 -* expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces.
51 -* expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions.
52 -* factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors
53 -* false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
54 -* fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text.
55 -* fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines.
56 -* groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in.
57 -* head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files.
58 -* hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier.
59 -* hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name.
60 -* id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity.
61 -* install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy files and set attributes.
62 -* join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field.
63 -* kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes.
64 -* link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files.
65 -* ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files.
66 -* logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name.
67 -* ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents.
68 -* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests.
69 -* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories.
70 -* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes).
71 -* mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files.
72 -* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files.
73 -* mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files.
74 -* nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness.
75 -* nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files.
76 -* nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups.
77 -* nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors.
78 -* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt invocation. Reformat numbers.
79 -* od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc.
80 -* paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files.
81 -* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability.
82 -* pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files.
83 -* printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables.
84 -* printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data.
85 -* ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes.
86 -* pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory.
87 -* readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink.
88 -* realpath: (coreutils)realpath invocation. Print resolved file names.
89 -* rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files.
90 -* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories.
91 -* runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX.
92 -* seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences
93 -* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests.
94 -* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests.
95 -* shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely.
96 -* shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files.
97 -* sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time.
98 -* sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files.
99 -* split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into pieces.
100 -* stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status.
101 -* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering.
102 -* stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings.
103 -* sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum.
104 -* sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory to disk.
105 -* tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files.
106 -* tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files.
107 -* tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files.
108 -* test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests.
109 -* timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit.
110 -* touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps.
111 -* tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters.
112 -* true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully.
113 -* truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file.
114 -* tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort.
115 -* tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name.
116 -* uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information.
117 -* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs.
118 -* uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files.
119 -* unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2).
120 -* uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load.
121 -* users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names.
122 -* vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely.
123 -* wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts.
124 -* who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in.
125 -* whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID.
126 -* yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely.
127 +* arch: (coreutils)arch. Print machine hardware name
128 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum. Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
129 +* base32: (coreutils)base32. Base32 encode/decode data
130 +* base64: (coreutils)base64. Base64 encode/decode data
131 +* basename: (coreutils)basename. Strip directory and suffix
132 +* cat: (coreutils)cat. Concatenate and write files
133 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon. Change SELinux CTX of files
134 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp. Change file groups
135 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod. Change access permissions
136 +* chown: (coreutils)chown. Change file owners and groups
137 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot. Specify the root directory
138 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum. Print POSIX CRC checksum
139 +* comm: (coreutils)comm. Compare sorted files by line
140 +* cp: (coreutils)cp. Copy files
141 +* csplit: (coreutils)csplit. Split by context
142 +* cut: (coreutils)cut. Print selected parts of lines
143 +* date: (coreutils)date. Print/set system date and time
144 +* dd: (coreutils)dd. Copy and convert a file
145 +* df: (coreutils)df. Report file system disk usage
146 +* dir: (coreutils)dir. List directories briefly
147 +* dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors. Color setup for ls
148 +* dirname: (coreutils)dirname. Strip last file name component
149 +* du: (coreutils)du. Report on disk usage
150 +* echo: (coreutils)echo. Print a line of text
151 +* env: (coreutils)env. Modify the environment
152 +* expand: (coreutils)expand. Convert tabs to spaces
153 +* expr: (coreutils)expr. Evaluate expressions
154 +* factor: (coreutils)factor. Print prime factors
155 +* false: (coreutils)false. Do nothing, unsuccessfully
156 +* fmt: (coreutils)fmt. Reformat paragraph text
157 +* fold: (coreutils)fold. Wrap long input lines
158 +* groups: (coreutils)groups. Print group names a user is in
159 +* head: (coreutils)head. Output the first part of files
160 +* hostid: (coreutils)hostid. Print numeric host identifier
161 +* id: (coreutils)id. Print user identity
162 +* install: (coreutils)install. Copy files and set attributes
163 +* join: (coreutils)join. Join lines on a common field
164 +* link: (coreutils)link. Make hard links between files
165 +* ln: (coreutils)ln. Make links between files
166 +* logname: (coreutils)logname. Print current login name
167 +* ls: (coreutils)ls. List directory contents
168 +* md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum. Print or check MD5 digests
169 +* mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir. Create directories
170 +* mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo. Create FIFOs (named pipes)
171 +* mknod: (coreutils)mknod. Create special files
172 +* mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp. Create temporary files
173 +* mv: (coreutils)mv. Rename files
174 +* nice: (coreutils)nice. Modify niceness
175 +* nl: (coreutils)nl. Number lines and write files
176 +* nohup: (coreutils)nohup. Immunize to hangups
177 +* nproc: (coreutils)nproc. Print the number of processors
178 +* numfmt: (coreutils)numfmt. Reformat numbers
179 +* od: (coreutils)od. Dump files in octal, etc.
180 +* paste: (coreutils)paste. Merge lines of files
181 +* pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk. Check file name portability
182 +* pr: (coreutils)pr. Paginate or columnate files
183 +* printenv: (coreutils)printenv. Print environment variables
184 +* printf: (coreutils)printf. Format and print data
185 +* ptx: (coreutils)ptx. Produce permuted indexes
186 +* pwd: (coreutils)pwd. Print working directory
187 +* readlink: (coreutils)readlink. Print referent of a symlink
188 +* realpath: (coreutils)realpath. Print resolved file names
189 +* rm: (coreutils)rm. Remove files
190 +* rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir. Remove empty directories
191 +* runcon: (coreutils)runcon. Run in specified SELinux CTX
192 +* seq: (coreutils)seq. Print numeric sequences
193 +* sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum. Print or check SHA-1 digests
194 +* sha2: (coreutils)sha2 Print or check SHA-2 digests
195 +* shred: (coreutils)shred. Remove files more securely
196 +* shuf: (coreutils)shuf. Shuffling text files
197 +* sleep: (coreutils)sleep. Delay for a specified time
198 +* sort: (coreutils)sort. Sort text files
199 +* split: (coreutils)split. Split into pieces
200 +* stat: (coreutils)stat. Report file(system) status
201 +* stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf. Modify stdio buffering
202 +* stty: (coreutils)stty. Print/change terminal settings
203 +* sum: (coreutils)sum. Print traditional checksum
204 +* sync: (coreutils)sync. Synchronize memory to disk
205 +* tac: (coreutils)tac. Reverse files
206 +* tail: (coreutils)tail. Output the last part of files
207 +* tee: (coreutils)tee. Redirect to multiple files
208 +* test: (coreutils)test. File/string tests
209 +* timeout: (coreutils)timeout. Run with time limit
210 +* touch: (coreutils)touch. Change file timestamps
211 +* tr: (coreutils)tr. Translate characters
212 +* true: (coreutils)true. Do nothing, successfully
213 +* truncate: (coreutils)truncate. Shrink/extend size of a file
214 +* tsort: (coreutils)tsort. Topological sort
215 +* tty: (coreutils)tty. Print terminal name
216 +* uname: (coreutils)uname. Print system information
217 +* unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand. Convert spaces to tabs
218 +* uniq: (coreutils)uniq. Uniquify files
219 +* unlink: (coreutils)unlink. Removal via unlink(2)
220 +* users: (coreutils)users. Print current user names
221 +* vdir: (coreutils)vdir. List directories verbosely
222 +* wc: (coreutils)wc. Line, word, and byte counts
223 +* who: (coreutils)who. Print who is logged in
224 +* whoami: (coreutils)whoami. Print effective user ID
225 +* yes: (coreutils)yes. Print a string indefinitely
230 * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
231 * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty
232 * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who
233 -* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
234 +* System context:: date arch nproc uname hostid
235 * SELinux context:: chcon runcon
236 * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
237 -* Process control:: kill
239 * Numeric operations:: factor numfmt seq
240 * File permissions:: Access modes
241 @@ -235,44 +223,44 @@
243 Output of entire files
245 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files
246 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
247 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files
248 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats
249 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
250 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data
251 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files
252 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse
253 +* nl:: Number lines and write files
254 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats
255 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data
256 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data
258 Formatting file contents
260 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text
261 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
262 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
263 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text
264 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing
265 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
267 Output of parts of files
269 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files
270 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files
271 -* split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
272 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
273 +* head:: Output the first part of files
274 +* tail:: Output the last part of files
275 +* split:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
276 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces
280 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
281 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts
282 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
283 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
284 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests
285 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
286 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts
287 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts
288 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
289 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
290 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests
291 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests
292 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests
294 Operating on sorted files
296 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files
297 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files
298 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files
299 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line
300 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
301 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort
302 +* sort:: Sort text files
303 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files
304 +* uniq:: Uniquify files
305 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line
306 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents
307 +* tsort:: Topological sort
309 @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
311 @@ -284,15 +272,15 @@
315 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines
316 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files
317 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field
318 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines
319 +* paste:: Merge lines of files
320 +* join:: Join lines on a common field
322 Operating on characters
324 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
325 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces
326 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs
327 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
328 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces
329 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs
331 @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
333 @@ -302,10 +290,10 @@
337 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents
338 -* dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents
339 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents
340 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls}
341 +* ls:: List directory contents
342 +* dir:: Briefly list directory contents
343 +* vdir:: Verbosely list directory contents
344 +* dircolors:: Color setup for @command{ls}
346 @command{ls}: List directory contents
348 @@ -318,51 +306,51 @@
352 -* cp invocation:: Copy files and directories
353 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file
354 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes
355 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files
356 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories
357 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely
358 +* cp:: Copy files and directories
359 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file
360 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes
361 +* mv:: Move (rename) files
362 +* rm:: Remove files or directories
363 +* shred:: Remove files more securely
367 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
368 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files
369 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories
370 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
371 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files
372 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
373 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories
374 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall
375 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
376 +* ln:: Make links between files
377 +* mkdir:: Make directories
378 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
379 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files
380 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
381 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories
382 +* unlink:: Remove files via unlink syscall
384 Changing file attributes
386 -* chown invocation:: Change file owner and group
387 -* chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership
388 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions
389 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps
390 +* chown:: Change file owner and group
391 +* chgrp:: Change group ownership
392 +* chmod:: Change access permissions
393 +* touch:: Change file timestamps
397 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage
398 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage
399 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status
400 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
401 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
402 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage
403 +* du:: Estimate file space usage
404 +* stat:: Report file or file system status
405 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
406 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file
410 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text
411 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data
412 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted
413 +* echo:: Print a line of text
414 +* printf:: Format and print data
415 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted
419 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
420 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully
421 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values
422 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions
423 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
424 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully
425 +* test:: Check file types and compare values
426 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions
428 @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
430 @@ -381,22 +369,22 @@
434 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
435 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
437 File name manipulation
439 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
440 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component
441 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability
442 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory
443 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names
444 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
445 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component
446 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability
447 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory
448 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names
452 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory
453 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics
454 -* printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables
455 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
456 +* pwd:: Print working directory
457 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics
458 +* printenv:: Print all or some environment variables
459 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input
461 @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
463 @@ -410,22 +398,20 @@
467 -* id invocation:: Print user identity
468 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name
469 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID
470 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in
471 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in
472 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in
473 +* id:: Print user identity
474 +* logname:: Print current login name
475 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID
476 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in
477 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in
478 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in
482 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name
483 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time
484 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors
485 -* uname invocation:: Print system information
486 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name
487 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier
488 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load
489 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name
490 +* date:: Print or set system date and time
491 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors
492 +* uname:: Print system information
493 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier
495 @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
497 @@ -440,31 +426,27 @@
501 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
502 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
503 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
504 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
506 Modified command invocation
508 -* chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory
509 -* env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment
510 -* nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness
511 -* nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups
512 -* stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
513 -* timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit
517 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
518 +* chroot:: Run a command with a different root directory
519 +* env:: Run a command in a modified environment
520 +* nice:: Run a command with modified niceness
521 +* nohup:: Run a command immune to hangups
522 +* stdbuf:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering
523 +* timeout:: Run a command with a time limit
527 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time
528 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time
532 -* factor invocation:: Print prime factors
533 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers
534 -* seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences
535 +* factor:: Print prime factors
536 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers
537 +* seq:: Print numeric sequences
541 @@ -1560,15 +1542,15 @@
545 -* cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files.
546 -* tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
547 -* nl invocation:: Number lines and write files.
548 -* od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats.
549 -* base32 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
550 -* base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.
551 +* cat:: Concatenate and write files.
552 +* tac:: Concatenate and write files in reverse.
553 +* nl:: Number lines and write files.
554 +* od:: Write files in octal or other formats.
555 +* base32:: Transform data into printable data.
556 +* base64:: Transform data into printable data.
559 -@node cat invocation
561 @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files
564 @@ -1669,7 +1651,7 @@
568 -@node tac invocation
570 @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse
573 @@ -1727,7 +1709,7 @@
579 @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files
582 @@ -1890,7 +1872,7 @@
588 @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats
591 @@ -2156,7 +2138,7 @@
595 -@node base32 invocation
597 @section @command{base32}: Transform data into printable data
600 @@ -2166,10 +2148,10 @@
601 into (or from) base32 encoded form. The base32 encoded form uses
602 printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
603 The usage and options of this command are precisely the
604 -same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64 invocation}.
605 +same as for @command{base64}. @xref{base64}.
608 -@node base64 invocation
610 @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data
613 @@ -2238,13 +2220,13 @@
614 These commands reformat the contents of files.
617 -* fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text.
618 -* pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
619 -* fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
620 +* fmt:: Reformat paragraph text.
621 +* pr:: Paginate or columnate files for printing.
622 +* fold:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.
626 -@node fmt invocation
628 @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text
631 @@ -2348,7 +2330,7 @@
637 @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing
640 @@ -2458,7 +2440,7 @@
642 @cindex formatting times
643 Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as
644 -for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date invocation}.
645 +for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}. @xref{date}.
646 Except for directives, which start with
647 @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use
648 this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date,
649 @@ -2688,7 +2670,7 @@
653 -@node fold invocation
655 @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
658 @@ -2755,13 +2737,13 @@
659 These commands output pieces of the input.
662 -* head invocation:: Output the first part of files.
663 -* tail invocation:: Output the last part of files.
664 -* split invocation:: Split a file into pieces.
665 -* csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
666 +* head:: Output the first part of files.
667 +* tail:: Output the last part of files.
668 +* split:: Split a file into pieces.
669 +* csplit:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
672 -@node head invocation
674 @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files
677 @@ -2840,7 +2822,7 @@
681 -@node tail invocation
683 @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files
686 @@ -3091,7 +3073,7 @@
690 -@node split invocation
692 @section @command{split}: Split a file into pieces.
695 @@ -3340,7 +3322,7 @@
699 -@node csplit invocation
701 @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces
704 @@ -3556,17 +3538,17 @@
708 -* wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
709 -* sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts.
710 -* cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
711 -* b2sum invocation:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
712 -* md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests.
713 -* sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
714 +* wc:: Print newline, word, and byte counts.
715 +* sum:: Print checksum and block counts.
716 +* cksum:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
717 +* b2sum:: Print or check BLAKE2 digests.
718 +* md5sum:: Print or check MD5 digests.
719 +* sha1sum:: Print or check SHA-1 digests.
720 * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.
726 @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts
729 @@ -3687,7 +3669,7 @@
733 -@node sum invocation
735 @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts
738 @@ -3738,7 +3720,7 @@
742 -@node cksum invocation
744 @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
747 @@ -3772,7 +3754,7 @@
751 -@node b2sum invocation
753 @section @command{b2sum}: Print or check BLAKE2 digests
756 @@ -3784,7 +3766,7 @@
758 @command{b2sum} computes a 512-bit checksum for each specified
759 @var{file}. The same usage and options as the @command{md5sum}
760 -command are supported. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
761 +command are supported. @xref{md5sum}.
762 In addition @command{b2sum} supports the following options.
765 @@ -3799,7 +3781,7 @@
766 as the length is automatically determined when checking.
769 -@node md5sum invocation
771 @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests
774 @@ -3958,7 +3940,7 @@
778 -@node sha1sum invocation
780 @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests
783 @@ -3970,7 +3952,7 @@
785 @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified
786 @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the
787 -same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}.
788 +same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum}.
790 Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of
791 it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However,
792 @@ -4011,7 +3993,7 @@
793 collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of
794 these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}
795 and @command{sha1sum}.
796 -@xref{md5sum invocation}.
800 @node Operating on sorted files
801 @@ -4023,16 +4005,16 @@
802 These commands work with (or produce) sorted files.
805 -* sort invocation:: Sort text files.
806 -* shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files.
807 -* uniq invocation:: Uniquify files.
808 -* comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
809 -* ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
810 -* tsort invocation:: Topological sort.
811 +* sort:: Sort text files.
812 +* shuf:: Shuffle text files.
813 +* uniq:: Uniquify files.
814 +* comm:: Compare two sorted files line by line.
815 +* ptx:: Produce a permuted index of file contents.
816 +* tsort:: Topological sort.
820 -@node sort invocation
822 @section @command{sort}: Sort text files
825 @@ -4322,7 +4304,7 @@
826 Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values.
827 Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of
828 collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is
829 -like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}),
830 +like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf}),
831 except that keys with the same value sort together.
833 If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash
834 @@ -4520,7 +4502,7 @@
835 @var{n} is set to the number of available processors, but limited
836 to 8, as there are diminishing performance gains after that.
837 Note also that using @var{n} threads increases the memory usage by
838 -a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc invocation}.
839 +a factor of log @var{n}. Also see @ref{nproc}.
843 @@ -4538,7 +4520,7 @@
844 this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options.
845 For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial
846 numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n |
847 -uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}.
848 +uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq}.
851 @macro newlineFieldSeparator
852 @@ -4751,7 +4733,7 @@
856 -@node shuf invocation
858 @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text
861 @@ -4907,7 +4889,7 @@
865 -@node uniq invocation
867 @section @command{uniq}: Uniquify files
870 @@ -4929,7 +4911,7 @@
871 The input need not be sorted, but repeated input lines are detected
872 only if they are adjacent. If you want to discard non-adjacent
873 duplicate lines, perhaps you want to use @code{sort -u}.
874 -@xref{sort invocation}.
878 Comparisons honor the rules specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE}
879 @@ -5094,7 +5076,7 @@
883 -@node comm invocation
885 @section @command{comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line
888 @@ -5209,7 +5191,7 @@
892 -@node ptx invocation
894 @section @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes
897 @@ -5698,7 +5680,7 @@
901 -@node tsort invocation
903 @section @command{tsort}: Topological sort
906 @@ -5860,13 +5842,13 @@
907 @chapter Operating on fields
910 -* cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines.
911 -* paste invocation:: Merge lines of files.
912 -* join invocation:: Join lines on a common field.
913 +* cut:: Print selected parts of lines.
914 +* paste:: Merge lines of files.
915 +* join:: Join lines on a common field.
919 -@node cut invocation
921 @section @command{cut}: Print selected parts of lines
924 @@ -5991,7 +5973,7 @@
928 -@node paste invocation
930 @section @command{paste}: Merge lines of files
933 @@ -6089,7 +6071,7 @@
937 -@node join invocation
939 @section @command{join}: Join lines on a common field
942 @@ -6266,13 +6248,13 @@
943 These commands operate on individual characters.
946 -* tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
947 -* expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces.
948 -* unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs.
949 +* tr:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
950 +* expand:: Convert tabs to spaces.
951 +* unexpand:: Convert spaces to tabs.
957 @section @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
960 @@ -6655,7 +6637,7 @@
964 -@node expand invocation
966 @section @command{expand}: Convert tabs to spaces
969 @@ -6708,7 +6690,7 @@
973 -@node unexpand invocation
975 @section @command{unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs
978 @@ -6769,14 +6751,14 @@
979 and @command{vdir}, which list information about files.
982 -* ls invocation:: List directory contents.
983 -* dir invocation:: Briefly ls.
984 -* vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls.
985 -* dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.
986 +* ls:: List directory contents.
988 +* vdir:: Verbosely ls.
989 +* dircolors:: Color setup for ls, etc.
995 @section @command{ls}: List directory contents
998 @@ -7642,7 +7624,7 @@
1001 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1002 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1003 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1004 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1005 @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1006 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1007 @@ -7843,7 +7825,7 @@
1011 -@node dir invocation
1013 @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents
1016 @@ -7853,10 +7835,10 @@
1017 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically,
1018 and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1020 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1021 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1024 -@node vdir invocation
1026 @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents
1029 @@ -7866,9 +7848,9 @@
1030 -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special
1031 characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.
1033 -@xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}.
1034 +@xref{ls, @command{ls}}.
1036 -@node dircolors invocation
1038 @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls}
1041 @@ -7955,16 +7937,16 @@
1042 copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing).
1045 -* cp invocation:: Copy files.
1046 -* dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file.
1047 -* install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes.
1048 -* mv invocation:: Move (rename) files.
1049 -* rm invocation:: Remove files or directories.
1050 -* shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.
1052 +* dd:: Convert and copy a file.
1053 +* install:: Copy files and set attributes.
1054 +* mv:: Move (rename) files.
1055 +* rm:: Remove files or directories.
1056 +* shred:: Remove files more securely.
1060 -@node cp invocation
1062 @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories
1065 @@ -8444,7 +8426,7 @@
1069 -@node dd invocation
1071 @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file
1074 @@ -8965,7 +8947,7 @@
1078 -@node install invocation
1080 @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes
1083 @@ -9147,7 +9129,7 @@
1087 -@node mv invocation
1089 @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files
1092 @@ -9291,7 +9273,7 @@
1096 -@node rm invocation
1098 @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories
1101 @@ -9454,7 +9436,7 @@
1105 -@node shred invocation
1107 @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely
1110 @@ -9464,7 +9446,7 @@
1111 @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even
1112 very expensive hardware from recovering the data.
1114 -Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is
1115 +Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm}), the data is
1116 not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is
1117 stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse.
1118 There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index
1119 @@ -9724,18 +9706,18 @@
1120 (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}.
1123 -* link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1124 -* ln invocation:: Make links between files.
1125 -* mkdir invocation:: Make directories.
1126 -* mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1127 -* mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files.
1128 -* readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1129 -* rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.
1130 -* unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1131 +* link:: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1132 +* ln:: Make links between files.
1133 +* mkdir:: Make directories.
1134 +* mkfifo:: Make FIFOs (named pipes).
1135 +* mknod:: Make block or character special files.
1136 +* readlink:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name.
1137 +* rmdir:: Remove empty directories.
1138 +* unlink:: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1142 -@node link invocation
1144 @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall
1147 @@ -9748,7 +9730,7 @@
1148 @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc,
1149 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}.
1150 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1151 -@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}).
1152 +@command{ln} command (@pxref{ln}).
1156 @@ -9774,7 +9756,7 @@
1160 -@node ln invocation
1162 @section @command{ln}: Make links between files
1165 @@ -9958,7 +9940,7 @@
1166 Relative symbolic links are generated based on their canonicalized
1167 containing directory, and canonicalized targets. I.e., all symbolic
1168 links in these file names will be resolved.
1169 -@xref{realpath invocation}, which gives greater control
1170 +@xref{realpath}, which gives greater control
1171 over relative file name generation, as demonstrated in the following example:
1174 @@ -10035,7 +10017,7 @@
1178 -@node mkdir invocation
1180 @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories
1183 @@ -10108,7 +10090,7 @@
1187 -@node mkfifo invocation
1189 @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
1192 @@ -10149,7 +10131,7 @@
1196 -@node mknod invocation
1198 @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files
1201 @@ -10226,7 +10208,7 @@
1205 -@node readlink invocation
1207 @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
1210 @@ -10324,7 +10306,7 @@
1214 -@node rmdir invocation
1216 @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories
1219 @@ -10372,12 +10354,12 @@
1223 -@xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1224 +@xref{rm}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).
1229 -@node unlink invocation
1231 @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall
1234 @@ -10388,7 +10370,7 @@
1235 @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc,
1236 The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis:
1237 It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used
1238 -@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}).
1239 +@command{rm} command (@pxref{rm}).
1242 unlink @var{filename}
1243 @@ -10422,14 +10404,14 @@
1244 These commands change file attributes.
1247 -* chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups.
1248 -* chgrp invocation:: Change file groups.
1249 -* chmod invocation:: Change access permissions.
1250 -* touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.
1251 +* chown:: Change file owners and groups.
1252 +* chgrp:: Change file groups.
1253 +* chmod:: Change access permissions.
1254 +* touch:: Change file timestamps.
1258 -@node chown invocation
1260 @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group
1263 @@ -10654,7 +10636,7 @@
1267 -@node chgrp invocation
1269 @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership
1272 @@ -10663,7 +10645,7 @@
1274 @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file}
1275 to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID)
1276 -or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown invocation}.
1277 +or to the group of an existing reference file. @xref{chown}.
1281 @@ -10780,7 +10762,7 @@
1285 -@node chmod invocation
1287 @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions
1290 @@ -10880,7 +10862,7 @@
1294 -@node touch invocation
1296 @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps
1299 @@ -11088,15 +11070,15 @@
1300 file status information, and write buffers to disk.
1303 -* df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage.
1304 -* du invocation:: Estimate file space usage.
1305 -* stat invocation:: Report file or file system status.
1306 -* sync invocation:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1307 -* truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1308 +* df:: Report file system disk space usage.
1309 +* du:: Estimate file space usage.
1310 +* stat:: Report file or file system status.
1311 +* sync:: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage.
1312 +* truncate:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.
1316 -@node df invocation
1318 @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage
1321 @@ -11404,7 +11386,7 @@
1322 or @option{-x} is used together with a file name argument.
1325 -@node du invocation
1327 @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage
1330 @@ -11661,7 +11643,7 @@
1333 List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted
1334 -like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}).
1335 +like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date}).
1336 For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes
1337 @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As
1338 with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the
1339 @@ -11729,7 +11711,7 @@
1343 -@node stat invocation
1345 @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status
1348 @@ -11942,7 +11924,7 @@
1352 -@node sync invocation
1354 @section @command{sync}: Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
1357 @@ -12001,7 +11983,7 @@
1361 -@node truncate invocation
1363 @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file
1366 @@ -12078,13 +12060,13 @@
1367 This section describes commands that display text strings.
1370 -* echo invocation:: Print a line of text.
1371 -* printf invocation:: Format and print data.
1372 -* yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.
1373 +* echo:: Print a line of text.
1374 +* printf:: Format and print data.
1375 +* yes:: Print a string until interrupted.
1379 -@node echo invocation
1381 @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text
1384 @@ -12173,12 +12155,12 @@
1385 @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is
1386 @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command
1387 if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or
1388 -backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}.
1389 +backslashes. @xref{printf}.
1394 -@node printf invocation
1396 @section @command{printf}: Format and print data
1399 @@ -12340,7 +12322,7 @@
1403 -@node yes invocation
1405 @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted
1408 @@ -12371,14 +12353,14 @@
1412 -* false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1413 -* true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully.
1414 -* test invocation:: Check file types and compare values.
1415 -* expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.
1416 +* false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully.
1417 +* true:: Do nothing, successfully.
1418 +* test:: Check file types and compare values.
1419 +* expr:: Evaluate expressions.
1423 -@node false invocation
1425 @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
1428 @@ -12408,7 +12390,7 @@
1432 -@node true invocation
1434 @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully
1437 @@ -12444,7 +12426,7 @@
1438 more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely
1439 be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.
1441 -@node test invocation
1443 @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values
1446 @@ -12807,7 +12789,7 @@
1450 -@node expr invocation
1452 @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions
1455 @@ -13084,11 +13066,11 @@
1456 it's described here.
1459 -* tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1460 +* tee:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.
1464 -@node tee invocation
1466 @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes
1469 @@ -13295,15 +13277,15 @@
1470 This section describes commands that manipulate file names.
1473 -* basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1474 -* dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component.
1475 -* pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability.
1476 -* mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.
1477 -* realpath invocation:: Print resolved file names.
1478 +* basename:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name.
1479 +* dirname:: Strip last file name component.
1480 +* pathchk:: Check file name validity and portability.
1481 +* mktemp:: Create temporary file or directory.
1482 +* realpath:: Print resolved file names.
1486 -@node basename invocation
1488 @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
1491 @@ -13385,7 +13367,7 @@
1495 -@node dirname invocation
1497 @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component
1500 @@ -13438,7 +13420,7 @@
1504 -@node pathchk invocation
1506 @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability
1509 @@ -13514,7 +13496,7 @@
1513 -@node mktemp invocation
1515 @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory
1518 @@ -13689,7 +13671,7 @@
1522 -@node realpath invocation
1524 @section @command{realpath}: Print the resolved file name.
1527 @@ -13813,14 +13795,14 @@
1528 so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section.
1531 -* pwd invocation:: Print working directory.
1532 -* stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1533 -* printenv invocation:: Print environment variables.
1534 -* tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1535 +* pwd:: Print working directory.
1536 +* stty:: Print or change terminal characteristics.
1537 +* printenv:: Print environment variables.
1538 +* tty:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.
1542 -@node pwd invocation
1544 @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory
1547 @@ -13867,7 +13849,7 @@
1551 -@node stty invocation
1553 @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics
1556 @@ -14609,7 +14591,7 @@
1560 -@node printenv invocation
1562 @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables
1565 @@ -14644,7 +14626,7 @@
1569 -@node tty invocation
1571 @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input
1574 @@ -14694,16 +14676,16 @@
1575 logins, groups, and so forth.
1578 -* id invocation:: Print user identity.
1579 -* logname invocation:: Print current login name.
1580 -* whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID.
1581 -* groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in.
1582 -* users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1583 -* who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.
1584 +* id:: Print user identity.
1585 +* logname:: Print current login name.
1586 +* whoami:: Print effective user ID.
1587 +* groups:: Print group names a user is in.
1588 +* users:: Print login names of users currently logged in.
1589 +* who:: Print who is currently logged in.
1593 -@node id invocation
1595 @section @command{id}: Print user identity
1598 @@ -14807,7 +14789,7 @@
1602 -@node logname invocation
1604 @section @command{logname}: Print current login name
1607 @@ -14828,7 +14810,7 @@
1611 -@node whoami invocation
1613 @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID
1616 @@ -14844,7 +14826,7 @@
1620 -@node groups invocation
1622 @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in
1625 @@ -14871,7 +14853,7 @@
1629 -@node users invocation
1631 @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in
1634 @@ -14906,7 +14888,7 @@
1638 -@node who invocation
1640 @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in
1643 @@ -15069,16 +15051,14 @@
1647 -* date invocation:: Print or set system date and time.
1648 -* arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name.
1649 -* nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors.
1650 -* uname invocation:: Print system information.
1651 -* hostname invocation:: Print or set system name.
1652 -* hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier.
1653 -* uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.
1654 +* date:: Print or set system date and time.
1655 +* arch:: Print machine hardware name.
1656 +* nproc:: Print the number of processors.
1657 +* uname:: Print system information.
1658 +* hostid:: Print numeric host identifier.
1661 -@node date invocation
1663 @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time
1666 @@ -15785,7 +15765,7 @@
1670 -@node arch invocation
1672 @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name
1675 @@ -15808,7 +15788,7 @@
1679 -@node nproc invocation
1681 @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors
1684 @@ -15845,7 +15825,7 @@
1688 -@node uname invocation
1690 @section @command{uname}: Print system information
1693 @@ -15975,35 +15955,7 @@
1697 -@node hostname invocation
1698 -@section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name
1701 -@cindex setting the hostname
1702 -@cindex printing the hostname
1703 -@cindex system name, printing
1704 -@cindex appropriate privileges
1706 -With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host
1707 -system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the
1708 -specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host
1712 -hostname [@var{name}]
1715 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common
1718 -@command{hostname} is not installed by default, and other packages
1719 -also supply a @command{hostname} command, so portable scripts should
1720 -not rely on its existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1725 -@node hostid invocation
1727 @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier
1730 @@ -16031,44 +15983,6 @@
1734 -@node uptime invocation
1735 -@section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load
1738 -@cindex printing the system uptime and load
1740 -@command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the
1741 -number of logged-in users and the current load average.
1743 -If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read
1744 -to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is
1745 -specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates
1746 -the default setting).
1748 -The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
1749 -@xref{Common options}.
1751 -For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use:
1755 - 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04
1758 -The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat
1759 -between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of
1760 -runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems
1761 -also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is,
1762 -those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel
1763 -includes uninterruptible processes.
1765 -@command{uptime} is installed only on platforms with infrastructure
1766 -for obtaining the boot time, and other packages also supply an
1767 -@command{uptime} command, so portable scripts should not rely on its
1768 -existence or on the exact behavior documented above.
1772 @node SELinux context
1773 @chapter SELinux context
1775 @@ -16080,11 +15994,11 @@
1779 -* chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file
1780 -* runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1781 +* chcon:: Change SELinux context of file
1782 +* runcon:: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1785 -@node chcon invocation
1787 @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file
1790 @@ -16187,7 +16101,7 @@
1794 -@node runcon invocation
1796 @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context
1799 @@ -16272,16 +16186,16 @@
1803 -* chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory.
1804 -* env invocation:: Modify environment variables.
1805 -* nice invocation:: Modify niceness.
1806 -* nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups.
1807 -* stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1808 -* timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.
1809 +* chroot:: Modify the root directory.
1810 +* env:: Modify environment variables.
1811 +* nice:: Modify niceness.
1812 +* nohup:: Immunize to hangups.
1813 +* stdbuf:: Modify buffering of standard streams.
1814 +* timeout:: Run with time limit.
1818 -@node chroot invocation
1820 @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory
1823 @@ -16397,7 +16311,7 @@
1827 -@node env invocation
1829 @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment
1832 @@ -16547,7 +16461,7 @@
1836 -@node nice invocation
1838 @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness
1841 @@ -16678,7 +16592,7 @@
1845 -@node nohup invocation
1847 @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups
1850 @@ -16752,7 +16666,7 @@
1854 -@node stdbuf invocation
1856 @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering
1859 @@ -16846,7 +16760,7 @@
1863 -@node timeout invocation
1865 @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit
1868 @@ -16936,90 +16850,6 @@
1872 -@node Process control
1873 -@chapter Process control
1875 -@cindex processes, commands for controlling
1876 -@cindex commands for controlling processes
1879 -* kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.
1883 -@node kill invocation
1884 -@section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes
1887 -@cindex send a signal to processes
1889 -The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them
1890 -to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way.
1891 -Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses:
1894 -kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{}
1895 -kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{}
1898 -@mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill}
1900 -The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all
1901 -@var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified
1902 -is @samp{TERM}@. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a
1903 -valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments
1904 -specify processes to which a signal could be sent.
1906 -If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the
1907 -process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all
1908 -processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid}
1909 -is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has
1910 -permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal
1911 -is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute
1912 -value of @var{pid}.
1914 -If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system
1915 -processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal
1918 -If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it
1919 -should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
1920 -POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
1921 --@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
1930 -The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid}
1931 -argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to.
1933 -The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information.
1934 -Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t}
1935 -or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any
1936 -@var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output
1937 -of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one
1938 -per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is
1939 -printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a
1940 -table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the
1941 -@command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid
1942 -and if there is no output error.
1944 -The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and
1945 -@option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}.
1947 -A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal
1948 -number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the
1949 -signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
1950 -@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
1951 -@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
1952 -ambiguity with lower case option letters.
1953 -@xref{Signal specifications}, for a list of supported
1954 -signal names and numbers.
1959 @@ -17029,11 +16859,11 @@
1960 @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also?
1963 -* sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.
1964 +* sleep:: Delay for a specified time.
1968 -@node sleep invocation
1970 @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time
1973 @@ -17083,13 +16913,13 @@
1974 These programs do numerically-related operations.
1977 -* factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers.
1978 -* numfmt invocation:: Reformat numbers.
1979 -* seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.
1980 +* factor:: Show factors of numbers.
1981 +* numfmt:: Reformat numbers.
1982 +* seq:: Print sequences of numbers.
1986 -@node factor invocation
1988 @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors
1991 @@ -17147,7 +16977,7 @@
1995 -@node numfmt invocation
1997 @section @command{numfmt}: Reformat numbers
2000 @@ -17487,7 +17317,7 @@
2004 -@node seq invocation
2006 @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences